The Importance Of Flood Inundation Modeling Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Flood Inundation mold Environmental Sciences EssayIn recent geezerhood, overgorge soaker specimens capture important increasingly in both(prenominal)(prenominal) pelter forecasting and modify tenderness as it provides the basis for the decision qualification of overindulge periliness management. Such stickers atomic number 18 mainly used to simulate gormandise mucklepour extent and sagacitys at different sections of the studied rising tide rivers. With their help, hydrologists be open to register and analyse the hydrologic systems of torrents well.This vagabond was initiated to further belowstand the flowage computer simulation Lisflood-FP global climate change and look for the coming(prenominal) intensity of hurriedness and temperature in Singapore. This leave alone allow engineers and other professionals to gauge the intensity of the future weather and conduct necessary works to pr issuance unwanted stock-stillt like flooding, fro m happening.BackgroundFloods argon the virtually destructive and recurring congenital haps all over the ball and a wide range of the world population and their property is at the risk of flooding. Thus, matchless of the crucial tasks in quantifying the damage estimation of the flood events is that determining the reli open prospicience of potentiality extent and piss depth of flood alluvium. In General, flood tell of issueage predications atomic number 18 used to service the decision-making in design urban homework in future. The principle of predication be derived from single realisation of numeric hydraulic flummoxs and applied on a forward- mould theoretical account (BatesandDe Roo, 2000). Despite warningization studies be underway to determine a single debate come in that optimises the shape fit to some ob go tod info, the confidence level of the predicted results amazes a major problem for decision makers.If the un plasteredty is considered in terms of input signal parameters (e.g. geographical selective information, hydrological data, fluid mechanics parameters, and boundary conditions), lone(prenominal) a small contribution of a typical issue might be regarded as certain or settled. The rest inevitably contains question that arises from the complexity of the system, lack of companionship or adult male-induced errors.In prelim studies, the scruple sources associated with the flood deluge fashion model bedevil been generalised into three categories, such as input data, hydraulics parameters and model structures (Bales and Wagner, 2009). Different hesitancy techniques (e.g. Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) have been applied into the flood flood modelling to assess the uncertainty derived from whiz or multiple factors. However, limited studies have been further discussed the sensitivity of uncertainty sources like indenture coefficients. Moreover, the uncertainty outline methods applied in previou s studies relied healObjective and ScopeThis report is a write up on the research of Final Year Project, Flood Inundation border under stochastic uncertainty, had been carried on by the author for the last 10 months. The objective of this project is to systematically study and analyse the impact or effectuate of uncertainties associated with parameter of roughness coefficient in flood flood modeling, which is Lisflood-FP patterning. The predicted data screwing be used for the predication of future flood unravelage and damage estimation under risk analysis.In this report, the following preliminary study works will be covered.To review the one-dimensional (1-D) and monotone (2-D) hydraulic models for flood waterspout modeling, and to review the uncertainty sources associated with the flood inundation modeling surgical operation and the available uncertainty analysis methods.To conduct a Monte Carlo pretext to assess the propagation of uncertainty associated with roughness coefficients to the results of flood inundation modeling, in terms of water depths and inundation extent.The stage setting of this project includes a comprehensive literature review on flood inundation modeling process and recognition of the uncertainty effects from different sources. On the basis of literature review, the impact of the uncertainty of roughness coefficients is to be analysed a hypothetical study case. A conclusion will be do according to the preliminary data analysis and the ideas for futures work will be shaped.Methodology (GLUE)Annual reports of companies and information from public domain were reviewed extensively to pick out current GHG emissions reduction measures that be adopted by shipping companies. pedantic research papers and reports from agencies such as IMO, DNV and World Shipping Council (WSC) were examined to realise information on the potential and effectiveness of the measures and to identify critical issues. prime research was conducted thro ugh a both-pronged climax of surveys and interviews. Survey questions were designed in accordance to the objective of this study and the questionnaires were posted to container liner shipping companies, both with and without offices in Singapore. A small number of survey responses were anticipated and then the surveys were used to capture ground information. The interviews with governmental agency, classification societies and selected shipping companies serve as the second pillar of the primary information collection in this study.Report StructureFigure 1. Report structureThis report includes 5 chapters as shown in Error Reference source not found. A constitute of abbreviations and a glossary bealso included.This report consists of 6 chapters shown in Figure 1.1. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction of cathode-ray oscilloscope and scope of this study. Chapter 2 reviews the hydraulic models used for flood inundation modeling, the associated uncertainty sources and the uncertainty analysis methods. In Chapter 3, a 2-D hydraulic model is established for a study case adapted from a real world river system, where the model configuration and simulation results are introduced. Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 discuss the effects of the uncertainty of the roughness coefficients on flood inundation modeling. In Chapter 6, a summary is made and the ideas for future studies are presented.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWSThe information acquired through various literature reviews are discussed in this chapter to understand the background of floods and flood hazards, as well as the importance of flood inundation modeling. On the other hand, the 1-D/2-D hydrodynamic models for simulating both graduate(prenominal)way and flood plain liquefys were reviewed respectively. Subsequently, an overview of this chapter is provided.2.1 gate2.1.1 FloodsThroughout the long pitying history, floods are the to the highest degree frequently occurring instinctive hydrological phenomena, whic h consist of the futures such as water depth, prey velocity, and temporary and spatial dynamics. The regular- order floods occur every year at the expected stream flow range. It is beneficial to provide fertilise soil with nutrients, transport large quantities of down payment and deposit on the floodplain, and clean-up a river with any stagnant contaminates. However, some floods beat disasters due to the extreme events, which happen suddenly without any warning, such as draw, dam stag, storm surge and tsunami. As a result, their signifi quartert impacts act imponderable damage on human society and ecosystems, particularly in terms of demeanor loss and property damage.Flood nookie be delimitate as water body rises to run out the lands where is not unremarkably submerged with the perspective of flooding pluck advancement (Ward, 1978). This definition includes two main flood types, that is to say river floods and costal floods. River floods are mostly arising from likewis e or long-drawn-out rainfall, thus the river firing off flow exceeding the stream impart capacity and overtopping the banks and embankments. Especially in urban ambit, floods may also treat place at the sewage drains when the heavy storms water surcharged in and natural spring the drains. In addition, some natural or man-induced catastrophe could result in the water level is risen up suddenly and then overflow the river bank or dam.The reasons why the costal floods appear are commonly originated from the severe cyclonic weather systems in terms of a crew of high tides, elevated sea level and storm surges with large quivers. The inundation at coastal areas may results from the overflowing as the water level exceeds the crest level of defense, or from the overtopping as the waves run up and break over the defense, or defense structure failure itself (Reeve and Burgess, 1994). Furthermore, tsunami can pee long ocean waves due to the great earthquake and resulting in coastal flo ods.2.1.2 The flood hazardFlood hazard is defined that those floods generate pop-up threats to the life and properties of human beings at the flood-prone areas where man had encroached into. The hazard level is validated by a combination of physical exposure and human exposure to the flood inundation process.Floods have been regarded as the top of the most destructive hazards from everlasting. In China, floods account for about 1/3 of all the natural catastrophes and trusty for 30% of the boilersuit economic losses (Cheng, 2009). Furthermore, some south-east Asiatic countries are flood-prone areas, such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Myanmar, which are bearing the disasters from the frequent river and coastal floods. In 2004, the mega-quake, which exceeds magnitude of 9.0, induced a series of destructive tsunamis with the highest wave of 30 meters on the coasts bordering the Indian Ocean. There were over 230,000 victims lost their lives in around 14 countries. Hence, Indonesia was the hardest hit, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand (Paris et al., 2007). Moreover, the tropical cyclone Nargis happened on 2nd May, 2008 attacked the southwesterly Coast of Myanmar. There were 24 million people been affected and rough 50,000 to 100,000 people been kil guide (Ken crystaliseh, 2008).However, flooding is not only the critical issue in Asian, but also in the entire world. In 1927, the United States met the most devastating flooding of the Mississippi River in American history. The levee system was depleted out and submerged 27,000 km2. Because of millions of population living on the Mississippi River, it led over 400 million US dollars in loss and 246 human deaths (Barry, 1998). In Europe, Netherlands had affected by the critical river floods in the past years since the most areas are below the sea level. The worst flood disaster happened in 1953 killed 1,835 people, covered almost 200,000 hectares of land, destroyed 3,000 family houses and 200 farms, and d rowned 47,000 heads of cattle (Lamb and Knud, 1991).The facts mentioned above proven that the global flooding management is increasingly vital to encourage millions of worldwide population from the severe threat. However, because of the high costs and inherent uncertainties, it is insurmountable and unsustainable to build up the absolute flood protection system, but it can be managed to reduce the hazard to lives and property by the most efficient measures. Therefore, flood inundation models become the most useful predictive tools which are used to evaluate and analyse the flood hazards, as well as to improve and mitigate the flood risk management.2.1.3 The Importance of flood inundation modelingFrom the perspectives of physical processes and anthropogenic influence, the floodplain is a dynamic flow environment. Since it is much difficult to handle the confliction among maximising benefit-over-cost ratio and minimising the human impact, the application of inundation modeling be comes the most apparent moderate approach for flood management strategy. Actually, the final objective of flood inundation studies could be minimise susceptibility and vulnerability to loss in both thriftiness and human lives aspects (Parker, 1995). Therefore, it is necessary to use flood inundation models to simulate and predict the possible impacts of floodplain development.The principle of flood inundation models is to allow the upriver flood flow to fulfill directly to the downstream flood extent. Those models become much valuable and helpful flood predictive tools which are able to apply in different real and virtual scenarios for analysis. In parity with those traditional statistical models, which are according to all the numeral data observations of past flood events, the largest advantages of physically-based inundation models are their capability of spatial and secular variables in terms of discharge, water level, velocity, flow duration and inundation extent, on the p rocessive flood events. Meanwhile, they also support the hydro-system operation, flood warning, risk quantification and decision making for the design and planning of flood mitigation measures.Besides, the flood risk maps are able to be determined on the basis of the flood inundation modeling results. They are static two-dimensional maps indicating the flood probability with flood depth and extents, which is usually generated through flood uncertainty quantification techniques, i.e. Monte Carlo Simulation. They are widely adopted by government and insurance company to withdraw areas of land at high risk and guide the investment and necessity response strategies.2.2 LISFLOOD-FP Flood Inundation copyA flood inundation model is an intergraded flood simulation model-chain which includes an estimation of stochastic rainfall, a simulation of rainfall-runoff and an inundation model of flood development (McMillan and Brasington, 2008). For stochastic rainfall estimation of certain catc hment, according to the available precipitation records, a long synthetic rainfall series could be created. Hereafter, these series are applied into a rainfall-runoff model to generate the corresponding discharge estimation series. And the estimations of discharge are imported into a 2-D hydrodynamic model, which utilizes high-re response visor data to enable urban floodplain modeling at the smallest scales and paves the way for additional modules for vulnerability and damage assessment. Finally, the flood inundation model is expected to run indoors a proven uncertainty estimation framework and subsequently to match with the real-world scenarios for model calibration and allow explicit uncertainties analysis.LISFLOOD-FP model is one of the most popular flood inundation models all over the world (Bates and De Roo, 2000). It is a coupled 1D/2D hydraulic model on the basis of a raster storage-battery grid. LISFLOOD-FP model treats the flooding as an intelligent al-Quran-filling pr ocess from the perspective of hydraulic principles by embodying the bring out physical notions of mass conservation and hydraulic connectivity.2.2.1Principles of LISFLOOD-FP Model2.2.1.1Model Structure and ConceptsThe basic lots of the LISFLOOD-FP model is a raster Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (Bates and De Roo, 2000) of resolution and accuracy sufcient to identify bob up roughness for both the stock (location and slope) and those elements of the oodplain topography (dykes, embankments, depressions and former occupations) considered necessary to ood inundation prognostication.A ood consists of a large, low bounteousness wave propagating down valley (Bates and De Roo, 2000). When the bankful ow depth is reached, water stops to be contained only in the main river road and water spills onto adjacent shallow gradient oodplains. These oodplains act either as temporary stores for this water or additional routes for ow conveyance.CUsersDaniel SunAppDataRoamingTencentUsers70377552 1QQWinTempRichOleemailprotected)LAKXA1$UE8M8AV.jpgFigure 1 Conceptual model of the LISFLOOD-FP flood inundation model (Wilson, 2003a 2003b)2.2.1.2 Assumptions for LISFLOOD-FP ModelIn order to design a physical model simulating the flood development and to simply the numerical computation, the assumptions are stated as followingsThe flow within highway can be delineate by the kinematic wave approximations.The channel is assumed to be so wide and shallow that the wetted perimeter is approximated by the channel width.The flood flow can be gradually alter.Both In-channel and Out-of-channel flooding flow are treated as raster grids by using a series of memory board discretised cellphones. period mingled with storage cells can be prognosticated using analytical uniform flow formulas, i.e. the Saint-Venant and Manning equivalences.There is no exchange of impetus betwixt main channel and floodplain flows, only mass is exchanged.2.2.2 In-Channel geological periodThe hydraulic mod els consist of two main processes, representing the flow within the channel (In-channel Flow) and flow on the floodplain (Out-of-channel Flow). But we ignore the effects at the channel-oodplain interface development of intense shear layers leads to a strongly libertine and three-dimensional ow eld. In this project, one of the objectives is to quantify the uncertainty associated with the inundation process.In-channel Flow is defined that the channel flow is below bankful depth. Thus, the flow process is represented by using a classical one-dimensional hydraulic purpose approach (1-D approach), which is describe in terms of a simplification of the dear one-dimensional St. Venant comparability system (Knight and Shiono, 1996), which leads to a kinematic wave approximation obtained by eliminating local speedup, convective acceleration and instancy terms in the momentum equation.2.2.2.1 Saint-Venant equalitys collectable to simplicity of computation and ease of parameterization, th e one-dimensional (1-D) Saint-Venant equations have been the most widely adopted approach for un unfaltering open channel flow. The partial differential gear Saint-Venant equations comprise the perseveration and momentum equations under the following assumptions (Chow et al. 1988)Flow is 1-D, and depth and velocity vary only in the longitudinal direction of the channel. hurrying is everlasting, and the water surface is horizontal a tail, any section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.Flow varies gradually along the channel so that hydrostatic pressure prevails and vertical accelerations can be neglected.The longitudinal axis of the channel is approximated as a straight line.The bottom slope of the channel is small and the channel bed is fixed. The effects of scour and deposition are negligible.Resistance coefficients for steady uniform turbulent flow are applicable so that relationships (e.g. Mannings equation) can be used to describe resistance effects.The fluid is incompress ible and constant density throughout the flow.Therefore, the continuity equation states that the change in discharge with distance downstream (), and the change in the bollix up-sectional area of flow over cartridge clip () are in balance. Thus, the lateral inflow ( ) to or from the channel and floodplain can be expressed as (Wilson, 2004).(2.1)where Q is the volumetric discharge in channel L3/T, x is the longitudinal distance along the channel L, t is time interval T, A is the cross-sectional area of flow L2 and q is the lateral inflow from other sources per unit length along channel L2/T.The momentum equation states that total applied forces is fitted to the rate of momentum change in each unit of flow, plus the net outflow of momentum (Chow et al. 1988). For this project, the full dynamic wave equations can be simplified in terms of kinematic wave model. The assumptions are that local acceleration, convective acceleration and pressure terms are ignored, and the flow gravita tional forces are equal to the frictional resistance force. The momentum equation can be indite as(2.2)where is the down-slope of the bed - and is the slope of friction -Roughness coefficients are defined as the resistance to flood flows in channels and floodplains. To introduce Mannings roughness ( n ), the Manning Equation is chosen. Therefore, the friction slope in the momentum equation can be described as(2.3)where R is hydraulic rundle L. Substituting the hydraulic radius, the momentum equation can be written as(2.4)where n is the Mannings coefficient of friction and Pis the wetted perimeter of the flow L.However, for the Equation (2.4), there are some limitations such as only considering the down gradient hydraulic characteristics, and neglecting the backwater effects and shock waves.2.2.2.2 Numerical SolutionThe 1-D Saint-Venant Equations are discretized using numerical methods of a finite difference approximation (Chow, 1988). sprout flow and cross section entertains ar e calculated with a simple linear turning away that uses a backward-difference method to derive the finite difference equations. Therefore, they are combined to obtain the following equations(2.5)where Q is the volumetric discharge in channel L3/T, x is the longitudinal distance along the channel L, t is time interval T, q is the lateral inflow from other sources per unit length along channel L2/T, and is the geometry and frication factor of channel which is written as(2.6)where is the Manning friction coefficient T/ L1/3, is the channel width L, and is the channel slope.Meanwhile, the finite difference equation can be set up in order to calculate the quantity Qi,j at each node (i, j), where i represents the space and j the time (2.7)(2.8)in order to create a linear equation, the value of Q in the expression of Equation (2.5) is found by averaging the following set (2.9)Note All Equations variables refer to the definitions in Figure 2CUsersDaniel SunAppDataRoamingTencentUsers70377 5521QQWinTempRichOleH37F%N4L(VS%DNUGX_(I4E.jpgFigure 2 Finite difference box for the linear kinematic wave equation2.2.3. Channel Discretisation by Mesh GenerationIn order to conduct the kinematic wave simulation, the flow domain is spatially discretised into discrete elements or grid cells to represent the arbitrary modling area by numerical pursue times process. It starts at the inflow point of each grid cell with indicator of the direction to the next downstream cell. With the help of Airborne optical maser Altimetry (LiDAR) and Stereo Air-photogrammetry, the high-resolution DEM grid cells are able to contain topographical data, such as channel width, bed slope, manning friction coefcient and bankful depth. Therefore, the numerical solution can be approximate obtained with the advantage of high-performance digital computers and high numerical stability. In this project, the regular high resolution rectangular grids net profit generation is adopted. However, despite that the mesh resolution in the region is increased, it resulted in less smooth of friction coefficients. This is because the polygonal area over which the various friction contributions were averaged was reduced.2.2.4 Out-of-Channel FlowOut-of-Channel flow (i.e. floodplain Flow) is defined that water is transferred from the channel to the adjacent overlying floodplain areas when bankful depth is exceeded by flood. However, the 1-D approach is not suitable to simulate the floodplain flows due to its incapability of capturing velocity variations and barren surface across the channel. Thus, floodplain flows can be similarly described in terms of classical continuity and momentum equations, discretized over a grid of square cells, which allows the model to represent 2-dimensional dynamic flow on the floodplain. Therefore, we assume that each cell is treated as a storage volume and the change in cell volume over time is therefore equal to the uxes into and out of it during the time step (See Fi gure 3, Wilson, 2003a 2003b).(2.10)where is the volume variation L3 of each cell during time T, and , , and are the volumetric flow rate L3/T respectively coming from the up, the down, the left and the right adjacent cells of the grid.CUsersDaniel SunAppDataRoamingTencentUsers703775521QQWinTempRichOle7L0)O%E(emailprotectedFigure 3 Flows between cells on the floodplain with LISFLOOD-FP(Wilson, 2003a 2003b)Flow between two cells is assumed to be simply a function of the giving surface point difference between these cells, hence the following discretisation of continuity Equation (2.1) (See Figure 4 5)(2.11)(2.12)(2.13)where is the water free surface height L at the cell node (i,j), and are the cell dimensions L, is the effective grid scale Mannings friction coefficient for the floodplain, andanddescribe the volumetric flow rates L3/T between the floodplain cell node (i,j).CUsersuserDesktop1.jpgFigure 4 Discretization scheme for floodplain gridCUsersDaniel SunAppDataRoamingTencentU sers703775521QQWinTempRichOleMG%D63ODY2$7)H3G4O7OQ.jpgFigure 5 Floodplain Flows between Two CellsThe flow depth,hflow, represents the depth through which water can flow between two cells, and is defined as the difference between the highest water free surface in the two cells and the highest bed peak (this definition has been found to give sensible results for both wetting cells and for flows linking floodplain and channel cells).2.3 Uncertainty in flooding inundation modelingIt is the key factor to reduce or prevent the level of flood hazards that ensuring prediction accurately of the flood inundation area and providing reliable information of risk. In general, the result produced by flood models is only a single deterministic prediction for the peak flow of the flood. However, the confidence level of the output results would be affected by the uncertainty of input data in terms of peak flow, the topographic data, and the model parameters. As a result, the uncertainty associated w ith the flood inundation modeling is seldom quantified, It most likely because that the sources of uncertainty are not totally realised and lack of available data to study uncertainty.Uncertainty analysis of LISFLOOD-FP modeling has been studied in recent years. From those reports, the sources of uncertainty can be summarised into three major catalogues in terms of model data inputs, hydraulics parameters and model structures.2.3.1Model data inputs2.3.1.1 Hydrologic and meteorological data iodin of the most dominant input parameters is the design flow, which comes from flood frequency analysis and provides the boundary condition. However, the uncertainty of steamflow is inherent since it is derived from the stage-discharge rating curves on the basis of flood records, especially for the high-return-period flow events. In summary, there are four types of uncertainties associated with the hydrograph of steamflows, namely (1) watershed characteristics (2) storm precipitation dynamics (3 ) infiltration and (4) antecedent conditions. However, the storm precipitation dynamics has the largest impact on the prediction. Furthermore, the overall prediction of hydrologic models could be increase due to uncertainty-added by lacking of understanding of the spatial and temporal variability in precipitation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration.2.3.1.2 Topographic dataThe topographic data is including both land surface digital elevation model (DEM) and river bed bathymetry. It is one of the dominant factors to predict the flood inundation area accurately. It does not only influence the hydrologic modeling process, but also the mapping water surface elevations. Firstly, the extraction of watershed characteristics (e.g. slope, streams and watershed boundaries) from DEM is affected by its resolution, leading to varied discharge values estimated from the hydrologic model. Secondly, the resolution of DEM and the accuracy of bathymetry affect the cross sections extracted for 1-D cha nnel flow simulation and the interpolated meshes (or grids) for 2-D overland flow simulation. Thirdly, Bales and Wagner (2009) investigated the Tar River flush toilet and revealed that high-quality topographic data, along with the appropriate application of hydraulic models are likely the most important factors affecting the horizontal extent and vertical water surface elevations of flood inundation maps.2.3.2 Model structuresThe flood inundation models are also erogenous to the channel geometry in terms of cross sections number, cross-sectional spacing in between, finite-element mesh quality and hydraulic structures. Additionally, the type of model (1-D, 2-D or coupled) used in simulating the river hydrodynamics also brings uncertainty to the overall results. The geometry representation of channel is more critical to 2-D and (3-D) models since the elevation is defined at each mesh node distributed throughout the channel and floodplains. Moreover, the mesh generation strategies wi ll affect 2- and 3-D models not only in the prediction of inundation area, but also the computational time (Horritt et al. 2006).2.3.3 hydraulics parametersHydraulic models (e.g. 1-D, 2-D or coupled) used to simulate the river hydrodynamics and water surface elevation in floodplain are sensitive to a set of model parameters. Friction values (Mannings roughness coefficient, n), accounting for effects of variable cross sections, non-uniform slope, vegetation and structures at the sub-grid scale, have a significant impact on hydraulic simulations (Merwade et al., 2008).Mannings roughness coefficient (n), which is commonly assigned by using standard look-up tables for different substrate types, can range from 0.035 to 0.065 in the main channel, and 0.080 to 0.150 in the floodplains (Chow et al. 1988). Distributed data throughout the floodplain are seldom available as a basis for estimating friction values for the model domain. Many of the uncertainties in hydraulic models are lumped in the Mannings n value, such that the models can be calibrated through adjusting such a parameter. The difference in magnitude and changing channel conditions will cause the optimal set of parameters to be found in a slightly different area of the parameter space for each different flood event.Wohl (1998) analysed the uncertainty of Mannings n copulation to a commonly used step-backwater model for channel reaches in volt canyon rivers. The results indicated that the uncertainties in discharge estimation resulting from the roughness coefficients in step-backwater modeling of paleo-floods were comparable to or lower than those associated with other methods of indirectly estimation flood discharges. Pappenberger et al. (2005) analysed the uncertainty caused by Mannings n (range from 0.001 to 0.9) in the unsteady flow component of the 1-D model HEC-RAS. The results showed that many parameter sets could perform equally well even with extreme values. However, this was dependent on the mod el region and boundary conditions. Pappenberger et al. (2007) employed a fuzzy set approach for calibrating flood inundation models under the uncertainties of roughness and cross-section. The roughness of channel has been identified as more sensitive than the standard deviation of the cross-section.2.4 Integrated modeling and uncertainty analysis frameworkFlood risk maps are critical to help manage the risk of inundation, which are generated based on good understanding of the uncertainty associated with the various variables involved in flood inundation modeling. A sequential process is normally adopted, where hydrologic analysis starts first, and then hydraulic analysis and geospatial processing will follow.Merwade et al. (2008) proposed a conceptual fr