Terror in Small-Town, USA :: Example Personal Narratives

Terror in Small-Town, USA     Situated between the abundant green rolling hills, is Small-Town, USA. It was election day, and looking forward to a visit to the ice cream shop, I accompanied my grandfather as he control the ten-mile journey to township. Country life offered little excitement, only if that day an air of uneasiness replaced the usual contentment one felt while passing aged(a) buildings, their drabness contrasted sharply by a few colorful, modern improvements. Having spent the first ten years of my life here, it was easy to detect any flip-flop in the towns mood.   I pondered the worried expression on the faces of the few people we saw on the streets. It seemed everyone was in a hurry. There were not the usual groups self-possessed to exchange local gossip. Most noticeable was the absence of children.   As my grandfathers dilapidated Ford approached the towns only traffic light, we were greeted-not by flashing red, yellow or green--b ut by uniformed National Guardsmen armed with guns and appearing much out of place in such placid surroundings. As our vehicle slowed to a stop, I was dismayed as I saw before me a huge machine gun, pointed in our direction. A young guardsman walked briskly to the car and explained, almost apologetically, Sorry Sir, but well have to search your car. Just routine procedure.   As the car was being searched, we learned the reason for such drastic precautionary measures. A man whom we knew and who was a candidate for the sheriffs office, had been brutally murdered in the presence of his wife and daughter. It was rumored that the opposing party was responsible for the fatal shotgun blast, and other rumors stated that explosives would be brought into town to bomb the courthouse.   As this unbelievable information was being given, I sat petrified, trying to convince myself that this was the same town where, only yesterday, old men in dirty overalls lounged around the courthouse, spitting tobacco and discussing the forthcoming election. Dogs and children had romped freely on the sidewalks, while women browsed in the stores for hours without buying anything. Strangely, all this had changed overnight, and the preconceptions I had about our peaceful soil and the glorious right to vote were beginning to sound as a sour note.

The Red Baron :: essays research papers fc

Although to most people it may just be a stigmatise of good tasting pizza, The Red Barron was actually a German fighter ace of World War I. His full name was Rittmeister Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen, who will be referred to as von Richthofen for simplicitys sake. By the Germans, he was called der rote Kampfflieger (The Red Battle-Flyer), the French called him le Diable Rouge (Red Devil), and in the English-speaking world he is known as The Red Barron. In a time of ancient aircraft technology when twenty air victories insured a pilot project legendary status, von Richthofen had eighty victories, and he is button up considered even today as the ace of aces (The Red Barron).As a child, von Richthofen was privately tutored until his ninth year of schooling. He then attended school in Schweidnitz and became a cadet. After his schooling, he began his military career as a cavalryman in the 1st Regiment of Ehlans. When he received his epau permittes and became an officer in t he fall of 1912, his father bought him his own horse with which von Richthofen became a talented contender in jumping and cross-country racing (Perry). Unfortunately, warfare in the twentieth snow had little use for mounted cavalry as the invention of machine guns had led to trench warfare (The Red Barron). When the war started, von Richthofen was posted near battle of Verdun as a messenger carrying dispatches between units and climbing into and out of the trenches along the front. When given orders to rummage around the countryside for food for the troops, Richthofen replied, My dear Excellency I have got not gone to war in order to collect cheese and eggs, but for another purpose (Perry). Exasperated by his attitude his superiors finally let him transfer to the German Air service in May of 1915 (Perry).Von Richthofen began his career as an observer for other pilots. He never considered becoming a pilot himself because the training took three months, and he was sure the war would be over before he completed his training. In the fall of 1915, after being transferred to Ostend, von Richthofen fixed to try flying for himself and he started training. On December 25, he passed the tests required to become a pilot, and the legend began (Perry). On April 24, von Richthofen shot down his first aeroplane as a pilot, but the plane crashed behind enemy lines, and the kill was not confirmed, so no credit was given to him.

Reflection Paper on Living in the Land of Promise Article

Have you ever wondered what true happiness is? Or what is living in a Promised Land corresponding? Or just wondering how can a priest live a happy life if they are to exit up on a lot of things? Or take a crap you ever wondered of your purpose on life? On why we are all here on Earth? I believe, each and every one of us, is living in this world with a purpose. It may be a great or a simple one and we are all called by idol to fulfill certain tasks. And as we fulfill whatever that task is, we should perpetually be ready to face all sorts of challenges along the way.Just like in the old days before Jesus walks on the surface of the Earth. there were a lot of people called by God to fulfill some mission, because He was preparing a promise for all humanity. Some mission He believes to be so important to accomplish to achieve a life of Eternity with Him. And these people who fulfilled all the tasks were all written in the history to have contributed a great deal in the realizatio n of Gods greatest plan. A plan so important that we have direct a chance to experience and that is to be able to live in the Promised Land. A land filled with happiness.I could just imagine all the obstacles or achy experiences the people of the past like Abraham, Jacob and Moses had to undergo in order to pave the way for us to enjoy the so called Promise Land. Sacrifices that ordinary people may deem impossible to surpassed. Just take for instance, the great test given to Abraham when he was asked by God to sacrifice the life of his beloved son Isaac, it was a huge test he was able to pass because of his obedience to the Lord. And since these people were given some tasks by our Lord that they greatly tried to accomplish, we can now be assured that as long as we follow ... ...ication or connection with the Lord is another key to live a happy life. A life guided by the Holy Spirit, is always a life of happiness. Surely, problems here in there will come your way yet at once yo u are constantly in-touched with the Lord, you will be assured of the best possible way to handle problems. Happiness is an elusive dream for some, that is because a life without God is never fulfilled, and a life-filled with superficial happiness is not considered happy also. This is because this type of happiness, I think is fleeting. Things may not happen the way you like it, but the greater plan of God will always prevail. And this we should always keep in mind, we should always be an example to others by the way we live. Just like the famous saying, as we live our lives, we should always be a blessing to others, and that alone is a big purpose in life to live by.

Main Themes in A Streetcar Named Desire :: English Literature

Main Themes in A Streetcar Named DesireFantasy/Illusion Blanche dwells in illusion fantasy is her primarymeans of self-defense. Her deceits do not carry any trace of malicerather, they come from her weakness and inability to confront the integrity head-on. She tells things not as they are, but as they ought tobe. For her, fantasy has a liberating magic that protects her from thetragedies she has had to endure. Unfortunately, this defense is frailand leave behind be shattered by Stanley. In the end, Stanley and Stella will as well as resort to a kind of illusion Stella will force herself tobelieve that Blanches accusations against Stanley are false.The Old S outh and the New South Stella and Blanche come from a worldthat is rapidly dying. Belle Reve, their familys ancestralplantation, has been lost. The two sisters, symbolically, are the lastliving members of their family. Stella will mingle her blood with amilitary personnel of blue-collar stock, and Blanche will degrade the world of madness.Stanley represents the new order of the South chivalry is dead,replaced by a rat race, to which Stanley makes several proudillusions.Cruelty The only unforgivable crime, according to Blanche, is knock over cruelty. This sin is Stanleys specialty. His final assaultagainst Blanche is a merciless attack against an already-beaten foe.On the other hand, though Blanche is dishonest, she never lies out ofmalice. Her cruelty is unintentional often, she lies in a vain effortto plays. Throughout Streetcar, we see the full range of cruelty, fromBlanches well-intentioned deceits to Stella self-deceiving treacheryto Stanleys deliberate and unchecked malice. In Williams plays,there are many ways to hurt someone. And some are worse than others.The Primitive and the Primal Blanche often speaks of Stanley asape-like and primitive. Stanley represents a very unrefined manhood, aromantic idea of man untouched by civilization and its effeminizinginfluences. His appeal is clear Stella cannot resist him, and evenBlanche, though repulsed, is on some level drawn to him. Stanleysunrefined nature also includes a terrifying amorality. The service ofhis desire is central to who he is he has no qualms about driving hissister-in-law to madness, or raping her.Desire Closely related to the al-Qaeda above, desire is the centraltheme of the play. Blanche seeks to deny it, although we learn laterin the play that desire is one of her driving motivations her desireshave caused her to be driven out of town.

City Ordinances and State Laws :: Expository Essays

City Ordinances and State LawsIn the spirit of civic duty, I thought Id inform you, the responsible citizen of Mount Vernon, of most of the important laws that we live by. Combining my copious amounts of free time with my love of the mundane, I dug through our citys ordinance code as well as state law to unearth some rules we wholly need to know about.First off, let it be known that many of these crimes come with penalties. State laws lav railcarry heavy prison time while city ordinances come with fines up to $500. Bearing this serious business in mind, let us begin.We all know not to start fights or provoke violence, but there are other more important things to know about. For instance, never ever kindle someone via a telegraph. Dont even think about it. In fact, dont circulate a report or warning of an epidemic, either. Imagine the pandemonium that could result if you confident(p) them that your incessant smokers cough could spread syphilis. State law prohibits these things.Pu blic nuisances, usually found in the city code, are my personal favorites. Do not, for goodness sake, cargo area flammable, unreasonably offensively smelling, noisome, toxic or otherwise objectionable stuff on your lawn. Leaving exploded gas station burritos in your dorm atomise is OK. Furthermore, keeping diseased animals (even if theyre tied up) or animal carcasses (even if they just look like theyre asleep) is not just a bad idea its also against the law.The citys ordinances go to great lengths to protect our beloved streets and sidewalks and the inhabitants thereof. If you cannot find a safe sidewalk to walk or run on in Mount Vernon, you must preventative on the left side of the road. No exceptions. Considering tying your sled to the back of a car and riding it around? Dont even think about it. maul/car combinations are illegal. Thinking about building some kind of device to launch cantaloupes or other large melons at oncoming duty? Forget it. Shooting things into the stre et is prohibited.In fact, simply obstructing a sidewalk is a serious offense. Leaving something like grass clippings or a car on a sidewalk is illegal. Waiting more than 48 hours to clear the sidewalk of snow or ice is illegal. Leaving an open flame or unspent fuel on a sidewalk is illegal too. If you encounter anyone committing these offenses, call the police immediately and tell them it is a critical emergency.

City Ordinances and State Laws :: Expository Essays

City Ordinances and State LawsIn the spirit of civic duty, I thought Id communicate you, the responsible citizen of Mount Vernon, of some of the important laws that we live by. Combining my copious amounts of free time with my love of the mundane, I dug through our citys ordinance polity as well as state law to unearth some rules we all need to notice about.First off, let it be known that many of these crimes come with penalties. State laws can carry heavy prison time while city ordinances come with fines up to $500. Bearing this serious business in mind, let us begin.We all know not to start fights or provoke violence, but there are other more important things to know about. For instance, never ever harass someone via a telegraph. Dont thus far think about it. In fact, dont circulate a report or warning of an epidemic, either. approximate the pandemonium that could result if you convinced them that your incessant smokers cough could spread syphilis. State law prohibits these th ings.Public nuisances, usually found in the city code, are my personalized favorites. Do not, for goodness sake, keep flammable, unreasonably offensively smelling, noisome, toxic or otherwise objectionable stuff on your lawn. go away exploded gas range burritos in your dorm microwave is OK. Furthermore, keeping diseased animals (even if theyre tied up) or animal carcasses (even if they just look like theyre asleep) is not just a hurtful idea its also against the law.The citys ordinances go to great lengths to protect our beloved streets and sidewalks and the inhabitants thereof. If you cannot find a safe sidewalk to walk or run on in Mount Vernon, you must stay on the left side of the road. No exceptions. Considering tying your sled to the back of a car and riding it around? Dont even think about it. Sled/car combinations are illegal. Thinking about building some kind of device to launch cantaloupes or other overlarge melons at oncoming traffic? Forget it. Shooting things into the street is prohibited.In fact, simply obstructing a sidewalk is a serious offense. Leaving something like potful clippings or a car on a sidewalk is illegal. Waiting more than 48 hours to clear the sidewalk of snow or ice is illegal. Leaving an open flame or unspent fuel on a sidewalk is illegal too. If you encounter anyone committing these offenses, call the police immediately and tell them it is a critical emergency.

Love Stories

What is the single emotion that has started as many wars as it has ended? What emotion has had more(prenominal) plays, songs, and stories written about it than anything else? Love is that one emotion that makes enemies into friends and friends into enemies. There are so many legends surround this emotion, from the goddess Athena and Helen of Troy to Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. The purpose of this paper is to perceive the great feeling of get by though the legends and myths.To trace some minute although very meaningful for sleep togetherrs patterns of love. Unfortunately, many of love myths end tragically, with the exception of a few which exhaust happy endings. For prototype, the stories of Pyramus and Thisbe, and Orpheus and Eurydice both have unfortunate endings. On the other hand, the story of Eros and Psyche can have either a tragic or a happy ending, depending on the version that is told.Upon closer consideration of the legend about Pyramus and Thisbe we learn that thei r love was strictly forbidden, however, this two loving messages were inseparable. They used to talk secretly to each(prenominal) other through a narrow crack in a common wall that their houses shared. They would meet in different strange places just to be together for a while. For example they would meet near a tomb on the outskirts of the city near a mulberry tree or in an open field just to converse freely. Analyzing this legend we may draw a parallel with Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, for the ending is a similar one.They both proceed occasionally without considering and analysing a critical situation. The deep red fruit of the mulberry is the everlasting memorial of these true lovers and one urn holds the ashes of the two whom not even devastation could part (Hamilton, Edith, 138). Within this story love takes shape of a passionate but blind and very raw feeling. Here love is a mannikin of a heavy disease that two young hearts are not able to understand with their mind, th us it growed to be a inglorious one.Another legend I would like to focus my attention on is a story about Pygmalion and Galatea. This story is the most romantic and exciting at the same time. The theme of love is leading throughout the story. This love is very unusual and remarkable, for it was addressed not to human being but to statue, that was much more than a person for its creator, it was the more perfect than any living woman. Love is illuminated through every word of the story.Pygmalion caressed it, and gave it presents such as young girls love this was an expression of his love. We may suppose that this love is somehow an obsession, for at long Pygmalions love made his beloved come to life. The maiden felt the kisses, blushed and, lifting her lightheaded eyes up to the light, saw the sky and her lover at the same time (Hamilton, Edith, 142).Looking for a tender and long-lasting love we may turn to the story about Baucis and Philemon whose love survived through the whole t heir life and at the end bestowed them happiness of being together till last breath. Realized that their lives were at their dawn they embraced each other and Baucis was turned into a linden tree and Philemon into an oak. Two different but beautiful trees intertwined with one another symbolised their true love. In wonder, people came from afar to admire and hang wreathes on the branches in their honour.Also, we may learn about the impatience a loving heart experience. The bright example thereof we see in the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. Orpheuss love was so strong that made him overcome obstacles and save Eurydice from underground. In spite of Gods prohibition, Orpheus impatience to see beloved woman before they step from underground separate them forever. As a result, we come to a conclusion that a heart that loves randomly is rational. Love is always above any reasonable thoughts and logic.Subsequently, we may proceed endlessly the list of love patterns within different myths an d legend. The theme of love was always a central one, thus it did not pass over the works of old Greek talents of mankind, such as Ovid for example. His myths and legends will agitate generations by and by us. Our successors also will cry for a tragic love or cheer at happy ending.Bibliography1. Hamilton, Edith. Mythology. New York Little, Brown and Company, 1998, 1942.

Nature of Sin

Romans 512 Death Through Adam, Life Through savior Therefore, serious as fumble entered the world through hotshot man, and last through ejaculate, and in this way death came to both men, because wholly delinquencyned. It is proven perpetu wholeyy humane being trespasss. ugliness is often defined as missing the mark. It is a failure to live up to Gods requirements. When we use the word sin many people pass very different ideas about what sin actually is. Most people think of sin only as committing very evil crimes.Others dont use the word sin when talking about their receive deficiencies, nevertheless instead refer to their sins as mistakes. If we atomic number 18 to know God, it is of utmost importance that we understand His definition of sin and see our condition through the eye of the Almighty One. Surely I was hellish at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived me (Psalm 515). We sin because we have a sin genius. Every human being possesses a sin nature a corrupt nature inherited from Adam. Our sin nature separates us from God The result of superstar trespass was condemnation for all men (Romans 518).Psalm 515 states that we all come into the world as sinners Behold, I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin my mother conceived me. Ephesians 22 says that all people who ar not in Christ are sons of disobedience. Ephesians 23 also establishes this, manifestation that we are all by nature children of wrath. If we are all by nature children of wrath, it lavatory only be because we are all by nature sinnersfor God does not direct His wrath towards those who are not guilty. God did not create the human race sinful, but upright. But we fell into sin and became sinful due to the sin of Adam. Christians have two natures at work in their being one is the old sin nature, and the other is a cutting nature controlled by the Spirit. These two natures are unendingly at war with each other. Paul explains that, despite his best intent ions, he is still influenced by his sin nature I have the desire to do what is good, but I cannot carry it out. For what I do is not the good I necessitate to do no, the evil I do not want to do this I detention on doing (Romans 718-19). While our two natures are constantly in conflict, it is not the sin nature that ordain ultimately control the Christian.Part of the sanctification process involves dying to the old nature. The Christian forget sin, but the Christian lead not continue in unrestrained sin You, however, are controlled not by the sinful nature but by the Spirit, if the Spirit of God lives in you (Romans 89). depravity in the Christians life will be followed by remorse and repentance. At Christs second coming, when the believers body is glorified, the sin nature will be destroyed once and for all. Until then, we are told to resist the sin natures temptations.God is faithful He will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, He will also provide a way out so that you can stand up under it (1 Corinthians 1013). Sin is a spiritual contagious disease, an illness and an ulcer which has stricken all mankind, both in his mind and his body. Sin has damaged all three of the basic abilities and powers of the soul the mind, the heart and the will. Mans mind became darkened and inclined toward error, thus, man constantly errs in science, in philosophy and in his practical activity.The Lord Jesus Christ Himself says that this sin the profanity against the Holy Spirit is not for effrontery and will not be forgiven either in this age or in the future. He pronounce these terrible words against the Pharisees who, though they clearly saw that he worked everything according to the will of God and by Gods power, nevertheless distorted the accuracy. They perished in their own blasphemy and their example is instructive and urgent for all those who would sin mortal sin by an obdurate and conscious adversity to the undoubted T ruth and thereby blaspheming the Spirit of truth Gods Holy Spirit.The password teaches that all have sin and come short of the glory of God (Romans 323). That means all humans have a sinful nature and are capable of doing things which are contrary to the will of God. throng said Anyone, then, who knows the good he ought to do and doesnt do it, sins- pile 417. Paul says, anything that is not of faith is sin (Roman 1423) and the Apostle John calls sin lawlessness. With that being said, here we are in the Garden of Eden. God had given Adam specific instructions, before Eve was formed.Rom 622, 23 But now having been set free from sin, and having become slaves of God, you have your fruit to holiness, and the end, everlasting life. For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord. It is evident that we all sinned and falling short all but one man Jesus Christ. There was one major difference between Jesus and every other person whos ever lived He never sinned. Hebrews 415 says, For we do not have a high priest who cannot sympathize with our weaknesses, but One who has been tempted in all things as we are, yet without sin. As that verse also shows, Jesus went through every type of hardship that we go through. But why do we sin? Are we conceived with a Nature to sin or do we choose to sin? Do children have to be taught to lie or do they have to be taught to tell the truth? Obviously they must be taught to tell the truth because they are liars by nature. David wrote, Behold, I was shapen in iniquity and in sin did my mother conceive me and again The wicked are estranged from the womb they go forth speaking lies as soon as they be born(p) (Psalms 515, 583).Paul tells us, And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience Among whom als o we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others (Eph. 21-3). So we must conclude, according to Scripture, we are conceived under the condemnation of sin and death, with a nature to sin against God and need not be taught to sin.Sin was passed on to the Human Race when Adam knew Eve and Cain were born. Adam BEGAT sons and daughters, and the whole process continued. This seems to agree with what David wrote, In sin did my mother conceive me and what Paul said, We all were by nature the children of wrath, even as others. Therefore God says, Wherefore, as by one man sin entered the world, and death by sin and so death PASSED upon all men, for that (in whom) all have sinned. The 7 Deadly Sins are so-called because they have the ability to kill grace to turn us away from a place where we can receive the grace of Christ.None of them are discreet acts they are all inner dispositions and modes of behavior from which individual sins flow. In no point order, they are Lust, Gluttony, Sloth, Greed, Wrath, Envy, and Pride. A few notes about these will clarify their nature. Lust is not merely sexual, though sexual lust captures the sense of it quite nicely the Deadly Sin of Lust is disordered desire of any type something early theologians saw as the primal sin. Similarly, Gluttony is not just about food, but about consuming for the sake of consumption,habitual excess. Greed is very similar wealth for wealths sake.Prides definition is to a greater extent well-known self-centeredness, or the inability to refrain from putting oneself before others. These are not actions, but dispositions they are not even things that we can will ourselves to do, but things outside of our will that twist our application of our will. I cannot simply choose not to be greedy rather, my greed influences my will, justifying my greedy actions and thus limiting my will. If we are to make informed choices in life, the seven deadly sins present us with biased fact sheets. This is one of the things that make sin so utterly sinful we do not choose evil, but rather see evil as good. Im sinful, and theres nothing I can do about it. Sure, constant discipline can help me to control my outward expressions of the 7 deadly sins, but even if I manage to keep them all inside, theyre still in there. On our own, theres nothing we can do about sin. Through his life and death, Christ has disappointed sin. We are no longer guilty for sin, even though we continue to commit sins by identifying with Christ, we identify with His sinlessness. To put it another way, Christ is the representative of all humanity and because our representative is sinless, in the sight of God, so are we.Good news The effects of sin (suffering and death) are no longer permanent we look earlier to being resurrected, just like Christ was, into a new world where God will wipe away every tear, and there will be no more mourning or death (Revelation 214). We are counted as righteous now (even though we arent), and one day we will have new natures like Christs, and so will actually be righteous. Thats not to say that Ill ever be hone in this life but it is to affirm that my sinful nature does not flare up as often as it did five years ago.It is to nominate that, by the power of Christ in me through the Holy Spirit, I can do good This is a very important issue to be dealt with by Christian Ethics, counseling, and pastoral care. If we are completely incapable of doing good, yet are justified by Christ anyway, then should we even try to do good? Without a doctrine of sanctification, in which we assert that Christ has in some sense overcome sin in us, and that the Holy Spirit enables us to do good, then there is no rationale for judgment on one hand or ethics on the other. Humankind is sinful, there is no doubt. We all commit sins of commission and omission, and have twisted impulses and understandings, and face temptations and deceptions of all sorts, and are completely incapable of setting aside this sinful nature on our own. But God is making us like Him, even now, and our present sufferings under the sinful nature are not worthy of relation to the glory that will be revealed in us. An overstated doctrine of sin tells us that we are worms whom God loves God tells us that we are glorious, like His Son, and that we ought to, and can, mark to act like it. - 1 . Robert Thompson, The Nature of Sin (Trumpet Ministries, Inc. 2011), page 73 2 . Alan Jacobs, Original Sin A Cultural History (Reed Business, Inc. 2009) page 124 3 . Holy Bible, King mob mutant (American Bible Society, 1999) 4 . Anna Kingsford, Concerning The Nature of Sin (Kissinger Publishing, LLC. 2010) page 226 5 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 6 . Anthony Roukema, The Bible and the Future (Gale ECCO. 2010) page 79 7 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999 8 .Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 9 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 10 . Josephine Hart, Sin (Create Space. 2009) page 10 11 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 12 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 13 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 14 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 15 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 16 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 17 .Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 18 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 19 . Josephine Hart, Sin (Create Space. 2009) page 223 20 . Josephine Hart, Sin (Create Space. 2009) page 224 21 . Josephine Hart, Sin (Create Space. 2009) pages 224-225 22 . Holy Bible, King James Version (American Bible Society, 1999) 23 . Alan Jacobs, Original Sin A Cultural History (Reed Business, Inc. 2009) page 23 24 . Anna Kingsford, Concerning The Nature of Sin (Kissinger Publishing, LLC. 2010) page 510

Juno Formalism Essay

Junos pregnancy instigateed her process of coming of age and showed how certain incidents lay out the process earlier then others. How the movie was constructed together by the leading each stage of Junos problems through the mood or t ane of one of the four seasons, starting in fall, is parallel to how Juno blooms into the rebirth of new, mature person. Beginning in fall, Juno finds out that she is pregnant. The mood in fall is quiet and calm. Just equal fall, Juno is also quiet about the whole incident.Instead of being open she went to the abortion clinic without anyone knowing to find more information about pregnancy. This also shows her immaturity due to her hiding her mistakes without telling the truth. This has made her begin her adulthood at an early stage than her peers. In wintertime, Juno has found a couple to take attention of her baby and has become close to them. During this season is when Mark is beginning to have cold-feet about the baby and Vanessa and everything Juno has wanted to happen has gone wrong.The mood winter brings is that of sadness and depression. Similar to winter, Juno feels the same and feels a whirlwind emotions due to the Mark and Vanessa issue and he pregnancy . The problems she is dealing with can compare to grown-up problems that she needs to start to solve as she goes through adulthood. During spring, Juno gave birth. The mood in spring is relief. Relief from the dangerously cold air that winter has. Juno feels this relief when she gives birth.It is a sign of her end her coming of age into adulthood. In the transition into summer, Juno and all her problems perceive to be gone. The pregnancy and adoption problems are over and she and Paulie are in love. The mood in summer is happiness. In the ending scene, the mood is evident when they are singing in the early summer mourning without care of anything. This is also shown by Paulies ending devotion to track. Junos experience, though she wasnt prepared for it, actually he lped her become a more mature adult.

“Lines Written in Early Spring” Analysis Essay

Lines Written in Early Spring by William Wordsworth is a comparison of the render of nature to the state of mankind. This fits into the Romantic period beca employment of how galore(postnominal) of Wordsworths poems represented the revolt against contemporary English poetry, which he believed should have been based on sure emotion, rather than intellect and style.There is evidence that Wordsworth is writing about nature and the poor state mankind when he writes In that sweet mood when winning thoughts bring sad thoughts to the mind (Stanza 1, Lines 3-4). Also, he suggests that mankind and nature should not be as different as they are in terms of happiness, when he writes To her fair works did nature link the human soul that through me ran And much it greaves my heart to think what man has made of man (Stanza 2, Lines 7-8).Wordsworth makes use of many literary devices in Lines Written in Early Spring. Personification is the most common of literary devices used. Examples of this ar e shown when he writes And tis my faith that every prime of life Enjoys the air it breathes (Stanza 3, Lines 11-12). He is giving a flower the human characteristic of enjoying the air it breathes. Another example of personification in this poem is when Wordsworth writes The budding twigs administer out their fan, To catch the tedious air (Stanza 5, Lines 17-18). In this verse he is giving budding twigs the human characteristic of spreading out to catch breezy air.Wordsworth also describes nature as a being rather than a thing when he writes If this belief from heaven be sent, If such be natures holy plan (Stanza 6, Lines 21-22). In this verse he describes nature as having the ability to plan. This poem also reflects on Wordsworth appreciation and love for nature, as he sees it as a force rather than just a thing. This poem is a good representation of its time period because it gives insight into how many people neglected nature, and furthermore, gives insight into the troubles a nd lifestyles of people during the Romantic Era.

Introduction to Routing and Switching Essay

1. Introduction Computer interlockingA computer meshing is a setup which comprises of multiple computers and devices to create attachion in order to support the communication of all such devices. This facilitates sharing of study and resources to all the users present in the intercommunicate. The following ar the main purposes that the network provides to its users Communication- networks throw in free flow of communication among all the users. These include chat, messages, emails, conferences, etc. Sharing of Resources Resources can be shared among all the users within a network. These includeo Hardware The different computers in a network can also make use of a whizz ironware attached to the network. Consider the typeface of a shared printer attached to multiple devices in the network like in case of a university or office environment.o Software- Network also allows users to share software application programs through their computerso Files and other data Files and d ata can be shared among systems in a network environment through authorized access. This helps members to work and submit tasks on the same domain and within deadlines, thus saving from hassles.2. The Open Systems Interconnection OSI ModelThe hardware components of the network operate at the layers of the OSI model which are briefly discussed belowPhysical layerThis is concerned with the functions that carry a stream of bits over a physical medium at the mechanical and electrical level. Hubs and Repeaters operate at the physical layer of the OSI model.Data link LayerThis layer categorizes data from network layer (upper layer) into frames and handles errors of the physical layer to provide to the network layer. The Bridges operate at the Data link layer of the OSI Model.Network LayerThe delivery of the tract is the responsibility of the network layer which can include multiple links. Network layer can be employ in cases of multiple networks where there are some links surrounded by the networks. Routers operate at the Network layer of the OSI model.Transport LayerThe transport layer is also responsible for delivery of packets merely it also recognizes relationship between messages. This is done in proper order and the layer also ensures control of error and flow at the source as well as the destination.Session LayerThis layer controls dialog and synchronizes interaction within the network.Presentation LayerThis layer is also one of the most primal layers as it is looks into the syntax and semantics of the data being transferred within the network.Application LayerThis layer involves interfaces and other supporting frames for the user to access the network.3. Hardware Components within a NetworkThe following re the basic hardware components within a network to interconnect devices (Sosinsky 33)3.1 Network Interface Cards (NICs)These are the components used to connect to another networking medium. The NIC has a unique identification number known as Media Acce ss Control address (MAC address) that is provided by the manufacturer.3.2 RepeatersRepeater is a device used to transmit signals after cleaning them by regenerating the original bit pattern.3.3 HubsHub connects multiple devices in the network so that they appear as a single device, therefore, it has multiple ports.3.4 BridgesThese are also hardware components that connect multiple segments of the network.4. Network Hardware Components Routers and SwitchesRouters and switches are important components of the computer network that support the higher up mentioned purpose of a network. These are discussed in details as under4.1 RoutersRouter is a software or device that helps in transmitting data between users in a predefined manner, thus helping in serving the purpose of the network. The data is in the form of packets that travels along the network, where the routers process the data present in the packet. In many cases there is a pre-defined forwarding or routing table used to direct the information to the appropriate destination (Beasley 62).The main tasks of the routers include Ensures information forwarding to the required destination Keeps track and avoids information from reaching where not needed4.1.1 CharacteristicsThe following are the characteristics of Routers The routers correspond to internet Protocols such as the internet Protocol, internet Control message Protocol, etc. Provides interfaces between the packet networks through the required functions Sends and receives datagrams Chooses destination for the datagram according to the routing database Provides support facilities for network management which includes status and censure reporting, debugging, etc.4.1.2 RoutingRouting is the process of sharing information by connecting networks and translating protocols between them. It functions at the network layer of the OSI model, acquiring addresses from the IP header of the layer to get the sources and destination. here(predicate) the Routing Protoc ols are used.Routers also use the routing tables to decide the destination of the packets. The routing tables include Address information Connection Priorities Traffic RulesRouting differs in its delivery schemes which include the following legal transfer to a single node (unicast) where the node is predefined. Delivery to multiple specified nodes (multicast) Delivery to all the nodes that are part of the network (Broadcast)

The Importance of Psychology Today

The study of mental functions and human behavior in which scientists develop hypotheses and test these theories are referred to today as psychology. In effort to formulate the human behaviors, psychologist research and use the studies of other psychologist in effort to find the answers to question like why a soul acts or behaves the panache they do? The most common approaches in psychology are behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive, sociable/ cultural, and physiological. The complexity of humans has fascinated scientist for years.Psychologists have been investigating humans cognitive, humanistic, kind/cultural and behavioral responses since the beginning of this snow. It has been only recently that the physiological approach has begun to understand how the point affects behavior and how behavior affects the brain. In the 1800s psychology used 2 major approaches known as structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism approach analyses the basic elements of experiences in which people acknowledged. In effort to research mental awareness of people, psychologies put down the verbal explanations of their experiences.Functionalism focused on how the brain processes information when people are being observed in the ideal learning conditions. Frances Galton believed that intellectual abilities were inherited and icy at birth because when he observed that people in the same family often were similar in terms of intelligence. By the late nineteenth and proterozoic twentieth century, a psychologist named Stanley Hall was the first president of the American Psychological connecter and the founder of the first scientific psychological journal.The American Psychological Association provided a way from many psychologists to share their researches. Hall was one of the first psychologists to explain the biological view of human behavior with an emphasis on stages of exploitation unfolding in a predetermined way. Hall observed nipperren and described the ages that certain behaviors could be expected. He believed that children had an inner timetable to give away behaviors like crawling, waking, and talking which occurred at similar ages regardless of the learning or experience of the children (Schickedanz &Forsyth).In addition, several child psychologists gathered dada to establish age-related standards or patterns of behavior that applied to large groups of children. This was considered the norms for child behavior and became known as the developmental surmisal that is still in use today. The psychoanalytic theory originated with Sigmund Freud. While the earlier part of the twentieth century documented intellectual and physical development, Freud studied personality and emotional development. He recognized the importance of biota but also stressed the interaction of biology with the environment.Freud was interested in neurology and the psychological causes of the subjects behavior responses. This component of personality, Freud labeled inst inct and referred to the mental representation of the bodys involve and functions. Today, psychologists still use Freuds theory and separate of the personality of people in their studies of human behavior. Some Psychologist use Freuds theory of the id, ego, and superego. The id is the unconscious informant of instinct and operated according to the pleasure principle and gratification. The ego tries to direct the id but is the reality-oriented part of the personality.The ego tries to deter the id so that there is non a blackball consequence to the instinctive action. Next, there is the superego in which is part of the moral component of the personality. According to Freud, the superego is responsible for guilt and anxiety and understand the significant of punishment when display inappropriate behavior. Finally, there is the ego defense mechanism in which guards the ego against overwhelming negative consequences form others. Later, Erik Erikson developed another theory because he did not agree with Freuds theory of the id, ego, and superego. Erikson focused more on how society affects the ego.He believed that healthy adaptation to reality differs greatly from one society to another. He proverb that societys demands on a person would change the person as he or she grows. Therefore, an individual is influence by his or her environment. These out-of-door environmental changes were also responsible for shaping behavior so that the behavior reflected the views of society. Another well known psychologist was B. F. Skinner and he was a behaviorist. His behaviorism theory was often referred to as radical behaviorism. He showed that reinforcing the desired behaviors uprises the desire response.He proved this theory when he demonstrated how a pigeon would peck a red panelling when it knew it opened a door to reveal bird food ( Branches of Psychology). Today, positive reinforcement is frequently used to change the undesirable behaviors of children. As a result, chi ldren produce the desired behavior society expects at home, in school, and in any other environment (Dong & Juhu) The social/cultural approach covers the behavioral patterns of society as a whole. These behavioral patterns cover lifestyles, habits, arts, rituals, beliefs, activities, and ethics.It is common belief by Carl Gustav Jung that humans share common emotions and awareness regardless of the identified culture. Humans are social creatures and the cultural customs shape peoples behavior from childhood. Today, in United States there are many cultures, a variety of religious beliefs, social gathering, political beliefs, and economic influences that structure society (Overskeid). Today, the shift in roles in which people play like stay home dads, male nurses, and female natural law officers are becoming the norms in certain areas of society.The biological approach of psychology is the study of the brain and the nervous system. The nervous system is the central system at bottom the body that carries messages to the brain. The crucial section is the neurons which are the structures of the nerve cell and it is responsible for transmissions that occur between the nerve cells and the brain. There are many other parts of the nervous system but the brain is the most important. There are three anatomy of the brain but the cerebral cortex section of the brain is responsible for the basic behavior functions.The biological psychology studies all of the parts of the body and how each of these parts affects human behaviors. Biological psychology takes into account genetic science and the large roll it plays in human behavior. Genetics does not just refer to inherited traits but also to what is inside the body, such as glandular and hormone functions. Biology plays and important part of psychology because it allows scientist to learn about the brain functions and how to help people who suffer from head traumas.It also allows scientist a way to understand how brain trau mas correlates between physical responses, as well as their emotional responses to situations when a person could not recall actual memories that delivered such responses. In conclusion, the more common approaches in psychology today are behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive, and social/cultural. The behavioral approach emphasizes that behavior is shaped by the environment while psychoanalytic approach is the study of how the brain affects behavior and how behavior affects the brain. The cognitive pproach is the research of how awareness, thoughts, and strategies to problem solve affect individuals lives. The cognitive approach studies whether or not a persons behavior is a result of consciousness guiding a persons personal feelings. Social/cultural approach relates to a situation that influences actions that are considered to be the norms of society and which roles people play. The biological approach is important because it provides a way for psychologist to understand a person wh o suffers from a head trauma emotional and physically.

Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility

bankers bankers bankers acceptance Of Moslem involve secure quickness A showcase probe among round In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 demonstration OF THE retire up admission The Moslem conceit of Al-Ijarah Thumma al-bay refers to lease or utilize or rent ending with purchase. It is a type of lease which concludes with option to acquire back which is concludes the legal title of the leased asset and willing be passed to the les mind at the end of the period.It is one of the contemporary innovative products which atomic number 18 use to chafe word the public demand at the same time, securing long term competitiveness in the monetary market. AITAB comprised two fires which atomic number 18 al-ijarah (leasing or renting) and followed by al-bay (sale) attempt. Al-Ijarah a contract whereby the lessor ( Moslem curse) will rent the assets to the lessee (customer) over a certain period and at the end monthly rental amount as agreed by two parties. (Khir et al. 2008) Al-Bay upon completion of the rental period or upon the early settlement the lessor will then enter into the sale contract with the lessee to sell the asset at a pre-agreed selling price. (Khir et al. , 2008) Al-ijarah and al-bay be both categorised under the contract of exchange. The former re of late to the exchange of usufruct for money, while latter involves the exchange of good for money. In AITAB the contract of al-ijarah runs separately from the contract of al-bay. Since both contracts ar executed in a sequence.A newly contract AITAB apprize be use to detect the process of converting an Ijarah into a sale contract. (Khir et al. , 2008) AITAB is one of the contemporary innovative approaches in the Moslem learn purchase instrument which is an preference product to courtly hire purchase. The meaningful battle amongst the two is that Moslem hire purchase is a unique contract involving a combination of two different cont racts, thus involving a trope of legal and shariah issues. It 1 toleration Of Moslem engage purchase instalment A part Study among mental faculty In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 c on the wholes for special rules on leasing and sale at different stages of the transactions in the light of shariah. It refers to owning the benefit of certain assets for a specific period of time, by paying an agreed sum of rental, with an agreement that the possessor will transfer the rented asset to the hirer at the end of the agreed period or during the period, provided all rental retributions or instalments have been made in entirety.The transfer of ownership is affected by a new and in open contract, either by with child(p) the asset as a gift, or selling it at an agreed price. (AlZuhayli, 2002) Conventional hire-purchase, the product is considered as a loan to which interest rate and hiring heads would be applic equal and in case of late payment of instalment price, interest would accumulate. But in Islamic hire-purchase, the product is considered as a mode of financing, non a loan and the product would have a profit rate and a mark-up and for late payment of instalment price, completely late payment charge pre-agreed would be applicable. Billah) Based on the disceptations above, the tec engineer the study among stave in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan to identify the most epoch-makingly criterias such as perception, competency among car principal sums and vernacular ships officer and apprisedness can mildew them in order to accept Islamic hire purchase readiness. The issue for the acceptance of Islamic hire purchase installation will be collected by distributed the questionnaire to 200 staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan.After that, the analysis will be interpreted by employ the SPSS 20. 0 program. 2 borrowing Of Islamic engross bargain for induction A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kot a Bharu 2012 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF COMPANY JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI KELANTAN ESTABLISHMENT HISTORY Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan history live on when the director maiden (formerly cal guide Penguasa Pelajaran) namely Encik Mohd Ghazali B. Mohd Ariffn designate at year 1992. He then awarded with the title Dato Bentara Luar and work until year 1930.The office first located in building surviven by the name of Pejabat Panjang, namely a building nearby Istana Kota Lama. Then in year 1930 an on the other hand Pejabat Pelajaran perish on the other hand to other building cognize by the name of Pejabat Pohon Celagi namely Kelantan State Secretary building, nearby old office building. In year 1965 the office move on the other hand to new building namely Bangunan Persekutuan that is today. From year 1922 to 18 august 1998 there are 25 people conductor.They are made up 13 people noble Malay, 10 people noble English and 2 people that noble Chinese. Director Encik Saw Chee Ling had given h is suffice for 12 years. Since colonial era until today, Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan has been expanding rapidly him in effort increase this quality education in harmony with Education Philosophy policy country. Today, Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan has owned 10 sectors that include Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan dan Pembangunan, Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah, Sektor Pengurusan Akademik and Sektor Pendidikan Islam.Under this department withal be accomplished State Educational Technology Division. While at district level on the other hand was constituted ten parts of Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah namely Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Kota Bharu, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Pasir Mas, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Tumpat, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Pasir Puteh, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Bachok, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Tanah Merah, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Machang, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Kuala Krai, Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Gua Musang and Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Jeli. Acceptance Of Islamic Hire get Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS Dual banking system imposes by Bank Negera Malaysia affecting the demand for Islamic financial product. This short letter has influenced some staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan to choose Islamic or conventional hire purchase loan for buying car. In this study, staff perception toward Islamic hire purchase adroitness implies whether they are really known some the AITAB operation itself.Researcher in any case identify common perception toward AITAB contract which is profit charge are too costly, penalty charge for late payment, accordance with syariah guideline and more Researcher also knows car dealers and bank officers also as immensity key player toward acceptance of Islamic hire purchase installment. Thus, searcher also identify common problem about competency among car dealers and bank officer whether among them are wishing of association abo ut Islamic financial product.former(a)s problem that search worker identify is cognisance among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan itself whether they aware about Islamic Hire bribe instalment or not. The common problem on awareness among staff is what Islamic Hire acquire have compared to conventional, the humanity of Islamic financial product, the modus operandi of the AITAB contract itself and more. I. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY There are several objectives that have been developed in this research as the followingI. II. lead. To insure staff perception toward Islamic hire purchase facility.To identify competency among car dealers and bank officers. To evaluate effects of awareness among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. In this research, research worker identifies the most contributing situationor of acceptance of Islamic Hire corrupt facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan is awareness. This had be proven by Pearson correlation ki n at r = 0. 837 4 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 4 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThis study will focus on the acceptance towards Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay, Islamic hire purchase facility among staffs in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. In this research, investigator had pick up about 200 staff from the state of 460 staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan as are respondents to complete the questionnaire. The respondent of this study are all staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan which are mostly involve in hire purchase facility that offered by Islamic and conventional bank. The researcher has chosen this area because of high population. 1. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The first limitation is that the probability of absenteeism of the respondent due to leave or outstation since all respondents is the staff of Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. The second limitation is lack of intimacy. Researche r does not have experience and never been exposed in making a complete research in the university. Researchers will facing difficulties to understand the word using by the respondent. The third limitation is uncooperative respondent. In process of gathering the information, researcher will have to collect info through the questionnaire.However, it can be difficult to gain full cooperation and commitment from the respondent and they may think that it does not give any advantage to them. Respondent also will take a real long time to answer the questionnaire and it also will make the researcher take a long time to analysis the data. unified constraint also can be a limitation in this study because the respondent cannot give hundred pct performances in answer the questionnaire. 5 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 6 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDYTo the Manager Help the omnibus to identify the behavio ur of his subordinates and how they react towards the acceptance of Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay Islamic Hire Purchase Financing as their source of car financing. To the researcher It will provide bettor understanding and can give new knowledge to the researcher. The study will be conducted to give a clear picture on the staffs awareness and acceptance on the AlIjarah Thumma Al-Bay Islamic Hire Purchase Financing. The result of the study will help the researcher to know the stuffs perceptions towards factors that influence stuffs decisions in accepting Islamic Financing Product.To the public The data gathered in this study can help the individual to gain more knowledge about the substantial and benefits of accepting Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay Islamic Hire Purchase Financing as part of their source of car financing. This study may increase the level of awareness and create acceptance among public about Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay Islamic Hire Purchase financing as their source of car financing decisions. To others The information may be apply by the financial insane asylum to improve the services related with Islamic Car Financing product. This study may provide utilizable information for further research in this area of interest.The rememberings of this study could provide some form of empirical data for future research in this area. It could perhaps also help in the more effective implementation of Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay Islamic Hire Purchase Financing. 6 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 To the bank There are a lot of benefits of this research to the bank. From this research, it will provide information to the bank on the real scenario. Therefore, the bank can use this information and results to improve its management, services, efficiency and etc.In fact, with this research it will help the bank to come out with new strategies and solutions to monitor its profitability and can improve its performance. Thus, the bank can also use the recommendations suggested by the researcher to improve its performance and position. 7 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 1. 7 DEFINITION OF TERM Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bay In the context of Islamic finance, the ijarah idea is usually applicable in financing contracts such as in real property financing, vehicle financing, project financing and personal financing.There are also financing products that enable customers to lease assets from Islamic financial institutions with an option to acquire the leased assets at the end of the lease tenure based on the concept of ijarah muntahia bi al-tamlik or al-ijarah thumma al-bai (Bank Negera M. , 2010) Perception Customers perceptions are often identified by their level of satisfaction towards particular products or services. (Nurdianawati I. A, 2006) Competency More competent, knowledgeable emp loyees are more likely to design processes and deliver services that conform to customer needs. (Ahmad, 2010). consciousness Research on bank substitute in Malaysia find that almost degree centigrade per cents of Muslims and 75% of non-Muslims were aware of the domain of Islamic banks. Most of them wished to have a family relationship with these banks if they had a complete understanding of this system. (Sudin Haron N. A. , 1994) Acceptance AITAB is a name which seizure a public acceptance because it provides better(p) features compared to conventional hire-purchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. (Nurdianawati I. A, 2006) 8Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review is important as references and as a guideline to the researcher in conducting res earch and to search the information. It also employ as the supporter to the study that will be conducted. This chapter will discuss about the literature review which relevant to the topic of the study. The purpose is to ensure that no important shifting that has in the past been found repeatedly to have had an impact on the problem is ignored. . 1 Acceptance AITAB is a name which capture a public acceptance because it provides better features compared to conventional hire-purchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. They will come to an institution which they know offering such Islamic product. For example, many merged customers come to Bank Pembangunan to purchase machinery through AITAB facility, because they know the benefits that the facility has to offer, for example, full margin of financing and lower penalty for late payment. Nurdianawati, 2006) Other finding shown AITAB also gains support from the non-Muslims. In some institutions, 60% of their customers are non-Muslims, comprising the Chinese in majority. They can see the advantage of signing up AITAB, which is 1% penalty for late payment, as compared to conventional hire-purchase which imposes 8% penalty. (Bank Negara, 1998) A survey in United Kingdom found the demand for Islamic financing will grow in future if Islamic banks pratice the correct marketing footsteps. In the research, five (5 %) percents of Muslim in United Kingdom are loyal customers to the Islamic financial services.Majority of muslim are still comfortable with the conventional financial services, while only a quater of muslims tend to show preference for Islamic finance. (Humayon, 2004) 9 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 2. 2 Perception Nowadays, in the dual banking system that had been fare by Malaysia giving an effect to the consumer to choose either Isl amic Hire Purchase or Conventional hire purchase. Mostly Muslim customers claim that there are no differences amid Islamic Hire-Purchase and Conventional Hire Purchase.Islamic banking products are available at two full pledged Islamic banks and at all commercial and merchant banks in Malaysia. However, these products are still not fully accepted by customers. According to Norafifah Ahmad and Sudin Haron (2002), at the end of 2000, total make at conventional banks was RM381 billion while total deposit in Islamic Financial Institution was RM31 billion. In the case of loans, RM416 billion was extended by conventional system, and RM21 billion was given by Islamic system. This results indicates that perception of Conventional System were far good than Islamic financial system.Islamic Hire purchase (AITAB) provides better features compared to conventional hirepurchase. Muslim customers, who accept and understand its operation, request it as an alternative to conventional hire-purchase. They will come to an institution which they know offering such Islamic product. Moreover AITAB also gains support from the non-Muslims. In some institutions, 60% of their customers are non-Muslims, comprising the Chinese in majority. They can see the advantage of signing up AITAB, which is 1% penalty for late payment, as compared to conventional hire-purchase which imposes 8% penalty. Nurdianawati, 2006) Perceptions of Malaysian corporate customers of Islamic banking products and services indicated that Islamic banks were not the main choice because of the lack of knowledge. More than half of the respondents (65 %) said they had curb knowledge of the Islamic banking system. This study shows that Islamic banks have not conducted enough programmes to educate people or lift their products to the public. (Norafifah Ahmad, 2002) 10 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012They showed that 63 % of Muslim respondents possess limited knowledge of IBF. They do not fully understand the operation of IBF even though Islamic banking has been established in Malaysia for more than twenty years. This factor has led to low usage of Islamic banking facilities among the Muslim respondents. (Sudin Haron N. A. , 1994). A similar situation occurred in Singapore, where only 22. 6 percent of Muslims deposit money in Islamic banks solely because of religion (Gerrard, 1997) Another important indicator determining customers positive or negative perception is their patronage criteria towards the service provider.In one of the earliest patronage studies on Islamic banking, Erol and El-Bdour (1989) discovered that the most important criteria considered by customers in patronising Islamic banks are provision of fast and efficient services, the banks reputation and image, and confidentiality. Others study found that religion is not the main factor encouraging Muslims to choose Islamic banks to hold their fun ds. Their findings also indicate that bank customers perceived no difference between the services offered by Islamic and conventional banks, the former being perceived as merely duplicating the latter. Erol C. K. -B. , 1990). In addition, many of muslim also doubt of shariah permissibility on the Islamic banking instrument. (Humayon, 2004) In Malaysia, customers positive perception towards Islamic banking is far more crucial mainly due to the fact that Islamic banks have to compete with the long established conventional banks in a dual-banking system. Since 1983, Malaysia to date has a dual banking system, whereby the Islamic banking system operates in parallel with the conventional system.The former is currently represented by 27 banking institutions, comprising nine Islamic banks and 18 conventional banking institutions (eight commercial banks, four merchant banks and six ignore houses) offering Islamic banking products and services under the Islamic Banking Scheme (IBS), also k nown as Islamic windows. (Bank Negera, 2005) 11 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 2. 3 Competency Customers also may not to choose Islamic Hire Purchase facility for their car financing due to lack of competency among car dealers and bank officers.Most car dealer claimed there is no differences between Islamic and conventional thus give impact to costumers decision. The misleading view of AITAB among the customers is partly contributed by the lack of experience and knowledge among bank officers in giving correct and satisfactory explanation about AITAB. Some of these bank officers do not even understand the distinction between AITAB and conventional hire-purchase. Many say that both products are similar especially with regards to its documents, procedures and governance.Hence, they are unable to highlight the advantages and benefits of AITAB as compared to conventional hirepurchase. (Nurdianaw ati, 2006) More competent, knowledgeable employees are more likely to design processes and deliver services that conform to customer needs. (Ahmad, 2010). In addition, development of distract employee skills and competencies is important determinant of better service quality and favorable consumer perceptions about service delivery (Chung, 2002) Furthermore, a dealer acts as a middleman between a financial institution and a customer.In Malaysian context, the customer usually approaches the dealer first for the purpose of purchasing a particular vehicle before applying hire-purchase facility from a financial institution. In fact, the customers choice between conventional and Islamic financing facility depends mostly on the dealers explanation and recommendation. Ideally, a dealer with a high Islamic conscience proposes AITAB to the customer and able to explain how the facility works, its advantages and differences from conventional facility. However, not all dealers are equipped wit h in-depth understanding of AITAB facility.Thus, it is pass judgment that they would not be able to educate their customers accordingly. In reality these dealers even tend to propose conventional facility either because their understanding of AITAB is limited or they 12 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 do not want to expose their customers to an unnecessarily complicated situation. (Nurdianawati, 2006). In addition, many dealers that are lack in understanding of AITAB facility assume the facility offered by Islamic and conventional bank are totally same.They only concern with their commission for their sales. 2. 4 Awareness. Haron et al. (1994) who pioneered in the research on bank patronage in Malaysia find that almost 100 per cent of Muslims and 75% of non-Muslims were aware of the existence of Islamic banks. Most of them wished to have a relationship with these banks if they had a complete understanding of this system. In Singapore, a study by Gerrard and Cunningham (1997) revealed that the Singaporeans, Muslims or non-Muslims, are habitually unaware of the principles of Islamic banking.Study in Humayon (2004) shown some of the muslims may not aware of the Islamic financial instrument in the financial market. Others study on Singapore by Haron, Ahmad and Planisek (1994) revealed that only 40 percent of Muslim customers consider religion as an important factor in patronizing banks. Similarly, there is general lack of awareness of Islamic banking system among Singaporean communities, be they Muslims or non-Muslims. These results suggest that Islamic banks do not need to rely on the religious factor as a strategy in attracting customers, but they should focus more on provision of quality and efficient services.One of the contributing factors to this absence of awareness among Muslims is the lack of understanding of Islamic banking. A study conducted in Singapore showed that only 20. 7 percent know the meaning of Riba and 31 percent know the meaning of Shariah. The study also showed that only 3 percent can explain accurately the meaning of Ijarah, Mudarabah 13 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 and Musharakah.Surprisingly, no one could explain accurately the meaning of Murabaha (Gerrard, 1997) Rammal and Zurbruegg (2006) found that it is important for financial institution to understand the dynamism of customer segmentation, build customer relationship and address requirement and preferences of specific segments. By doing so, it will boost up customer credit and create awareness among consumers. This finding then supported by Harun et al. (1992) where there is no world-shattering difference between Muslims and Non-Muslims in their selection criteria.Islamic banking product employ different names for their product and it has cause several difficulties and m isunderstanding by customers, some claimed that it is a religious product that only meant for Muslims, and some just find it too difficult to learn the names therefore they stay a way of life (Nordin, 2001). According to them again, what is actually taught to the Malaysians since their pre-school period is aqidah and understanding of Islamic principles but little wildness is given to the muamalat or the daily transaction activities according to Islam.In another study of Malaysian commercial customers and their views of Islamic financial services, Haron et al. (2002) noted that 65% of the respondents admitted to having limited knowledge of Islamic banking, while at the same time indicating that they believed the concept had good potential in the Malaysian market. Bley and Kuehn (2004) found a high level of ignorance among the ccc interviewed Muslim with regard to what constitutes acceptable Islamic finance principles. He reported that the higher the religious commitment and the lowe r the level of general education, the stronger the preference for Islamic over conventional finance.His study also revealed that overall students knowledge of conventional and Islamic finance terms and concepts was surprisingly low among students in United Arab Emirates. 14 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, it will focus on the research methodology that will use in this study. In essence, research methodology will provide researcher the needed information that guides researcher to make informed decisions to successfully deal with the problems.The information gathered could be the result of the analysis of data gathered at first hand or the data that are already available. Research methodology will presents the reputation of study, data sources, pilot study and dependableness examening, data accrual and data analysis techni que. 3. 1 POPULATION AND SAMPLING DESIGN According to Sekaran, (2006), population is a complete group of entities sharing some common set of characteristics. For this research the population is among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu.This research is using have frame meaning is concerned with the selection of a subset of individual from within a population to estimate characteristics of the strong population. (Malhotra, 2004) in his writing define sample frame as a lists of elements from which a sample may be drawn for identifying the home run population. A sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the target population. In this research, the sampling frame is the staff at Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. The populations taken are 200 from 460 staff. 3. 2 SAMPLE SIZE Sample is a subset, or some part, of a large population.In research, sampling is important because the researcher intend to come up with accurate and reliable findings in order to b e able use for further research. The sample size for this study is the actual number of subjects chosen as a sample to represent the population characteristics, which is according to Sekaran, (2006). Refer to Roscoe (1975), sample size larger than 30 and less than 500 are appropriate for most research. So, the researcher decided that the sample of 200 15 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 respondents is appropriate to represent the population of staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. 3. 3 SAMPLING METHOD sample dispersion is the process of selecting items from the population so that the sample characteristics can be infer to the population. Sampling involves both design choice and sample size decisions (Sekaran, 2006). The idea of sampling is to select a few samples from a bigger group known as population, so that it becomes a basis for estimating or predicting a fact, situation or effect regarding the actual number of group under study.The method used for this study is convenience sampling. It is the method of drawing samples that does not impose any restrictions. This is also the least reliable sampling that is cheap and convenience. 3. 3. 1 Convenience Sampling Technique Convenience sampling refers to the collection of information from members of the population who are conveniently available to provide it (Sekaran, 2006). considerwhile, Cooper and Schindler (2006), defined convenience sampling is non-probability sampling where researchers use any readily available individuals as participants.It is the most often used during the exploratory phase of the research project and it is perhaps the best way of getting some basic information quickly and efficiently. 3. 4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION In this research, the data gathered parallel to the objectives of the study. The methods of data collection that the researcher used to collect the data were primary data and se condary data. 16 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 4. 1 PRIMARY DATA It is the data collected for a specific purpose from original sources.Primary data been obtained by distribution of the respondents selected. The entire questionnaires are collected personally. In this research, the primary data was collected from the personally administered questionnaire. Personally Administered Questionnaire The questionnaire has been designed according to the needs of the topic study. It is to ensure that the respondents would be fully understood and answer all the questions since there is personal administered question. In designing the questionnaires questions, the content, structure and appearance would give an impact to the respondents attitude.Thus, all these things should be properly organized. In the questionnaire designs, the researcher dual-lane it into 3 sections which include as follows Secti on A Section A comprises questions pertaining to their personal particulars. The first part of the questionnaire was divided into 2 areas of information. One was on the personal information and the one on others Islamic financial product. Section B Section B focused on obtaining information on mutually beneficial variable. It is the customer selection criteria for bank. This section is designed by using a Likert eggshell.The student had to circle the appropriate response with the statement from a scale of (1-5) ranging from the caption strongly disagree to strongly agree. Through the 5 point scale, the researcher could decide to what the acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. Section C Criteria I Criteria I focused on obtaining information on effect of perception in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This section also used a Likert home base. This scale will be 5 point 17 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Fa cility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 scale wills response of the participant toward on perception towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. Criteria II Criteria II focused on obtaining information on effect of competency in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This section also used a Likert Scale. This scale will be 5 point scale wills response of the participant toward on competency among bank officer and car dealers towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan.Criteria III Criteria III focused on obtaining information on effect of awareness in acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This section also used a Likert Scale. This scale will be 5 point scale wills response of the participant toward awareness in towards acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Ke lantan 3. 4. 2 SECONDARY DATA Secondary data were obtained through searching the journal which published reported of previous researchers that different in authors, perceptions and theories. The data and information are also gathered from the website. 8 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The research model shows that the mutually beneficial variable is the acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility. This dependent variable is transmited to have a significant relationship with personal characteristics, perception, competency and awareness as independent variables. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE Perception Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility Competency Awareness Figure 3. 5. 1 The Theoretical Framework of the study.RESEARCH VARIABLES Two main types of variables that are used in this research include dependent variable and independent variable. DEPE NDENT VARIABLE The dependent variable that used in this study is Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The independent variables that are used in this research are perception, competency and awareness. 19 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 3. 6 supposition surmisal 1 (Perception) Ho There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. H1 There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. Hypothesis 2 (Competency) Ho There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency. H1 There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabat an Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency.Hypothesis 3 (Awareness) Ho There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. H1 There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. 3. 7 DATA ANALYSIS AND ADMINISTRATION Data analysis is a procedure to analyze data or information that obtains during the research. In order to achieve the research objective, the data that been obtained from the respondent must answered or fulfill the expectations.In this research, the researcher wants to measure which is the most significant criteria in acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan. 20 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 The procedure of the analysis that us ed is by using the SPSS 20. 0 software application. in all the data from the questionnaire that answered by the respondents had been analyze using this software. The process of entailing earrangement, breaching down, reduction and separation of data into as many as needed to determine their nature, relative important, functions and interrelationships. In completing this study, it will includes some basis data analysis including dependability analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression by using SPSS 20. 0 program. 3. 7. 1 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS According to Sekaran (2006), the reliability of a measure is established by testinging for both consistency and stability.Consistency indicates how well the items measuring stick a concept hang together as a set. The reliability will ensure to test the data. reliability is an attest to the consistency and stability of the measure instrument. The reliability of a measure indicates the extent to which it is with out bias (error free) and hence ensures consistent measure across time and across the various items in the instrument. The most commonly reliability test that has used is Cronbachs Alpha. The Cronbachs Alpha can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient and it range in value from 0 to 1. 3. 7. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS According to Cooper and Schindler (2006), frequency distribution is ordered array of all values for a variable. In order to analyze the whole information of research question based on respondents profile information of the respondents such as gender, marital status, level of income and age. Frequency distribution is also simply reports the number of the responses that each questions received. It is the simplest way of determining the empirical distributions of the variables. The frequency distribution is a display of the frequency occurrence of each scrape value.The frequency distribution can be display is many form such as tabular and graphical form. In this study, the f requency distribution had been measure the questionnaire in section A that it is about respondents profile such as gender, age, race, 21 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 religion, level of education, marital status, salary, sector and had been used any Islamic financial product. 3. 7. 3 PEARSONS correlation coefficient ANALYSIS The other name of Pearsons coefficient of correlation is Pearson correlativity Matrix.The coefficient of correlation is used to determine the magnitude, direction and significant level of relationship between dependent and independent variables. As a descriptive technique, it is very powerful since this method indicates whether variables share is something in common with each other. 3. 7. 4 MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS The multiple regressions describe the strength of the linear relationship between two variables when one is considered the independent variable and the other is the dependent variable (Cooper and Schindler, 2006).Regression is a powerful tool for summarizing the nature of the relationship between variables and for making predictions of likely values of the dependent variables. Regression analysis aids in understanding how much of the variance in the dependent variable may be explained by a set of predictors. For regression coefficient, estimates, model fit and R squared change are chosen in this study. 22 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4. 0 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter, the researcher will identify the questionnaires response rate from the respondents. After collecting the data, now the researcher able to analyze and interpret it using the SPSS 20 software. Techniques using in interpreting data is by using reliability analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression in SPSS programs. These steps are important to see the relationship between the variables and to know the variables are significant or not. 4. 1 FREQUENCIES ANALYSIS A frequency analysis shows the frequency of occurrence of each run into value of the research data.The objective is to obtain a count of number of responses associated with different values of the variable. This analysis is appropriate and suitable to analyze the question in Section A which is respondents profile such as gender, race, religion, level of education, maritial status, age, salary, sector, used others Islamic finance product. postpone 4. 1. 1 Frequency of Section A- Demographics profile Statistics sexual urge AGE RACE RELIGION LEVEL EDUCATION MARITIAL STATUS SALARY SECTOR OTHERS ISLAMIC FINANCIAL PRODUCT Valid N Missing ungenerous Median Mode Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Std.Error of Skewness Minimum Maximum 0 1. 58 2. 00 2 . 496 . 246 -. 306 . 172 1 2 0 2. 44 2. 00 2 . 889 . 790 . 068 . 172 1 4 0 1. 05 1. 00 1 . 240 . 058 5. 207 . 172 1 3 0 1. 05 1. 00 1 . 208 . 043 4. 423 . 172 1 2 0 2. 71 3. 00 4 1. 215 1. 475 . 006 . 172 1 5 0 1. 83 2. 00 2 . 419 . 175 -1. 081 . 172 1 3 0 3. 09 3. 00 3 1. 206 1. 455 . 616 . 172 1 6 0 3. 59 3. 00 1 2. 617 6. 847 . 872 . 172 1 10 0 3. 05 3. 00 5 1. 583 2. 506 -. 021 . 172 1 5 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 23 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012Profile (n=200) Gender Male Female Age 21 30 years 31 40 years 41 50 years 51 years and above Race Malay Chinese Indian Religion Islam Buddha Level Education SPM STPM Diploma Bachelor Degree Maritial Status Single Married Others Salary RM 1000 and Below RM1001 RM2000 RM2001 RM3000 RM3001 RM4000 RM4001 RM5000 RM5001 and Above Sector Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan & Pembangunan Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah Sektor Pengurusan Akedemik Sektor Pengurusan & Pembangunan Sektor Pendidikan Islam Sektor Penilaian & Peperiksaan Sektor Jaminan Kual iti Sektor Psikologi & Kaunseling Sektor ICT Other Islamic Financial Product Islamic Vehicle Financing Islamic House Financing Islamic Personal Financing Islamic Credit card Takaful Frequency Percent Valid percent 42. 5 57. 5 15. 0 38. 5 34. 5 12. 0 95. 5 4. 0 0. 5 95. 5 4. 5 21. 0 25. 5 19. 5 30. 0 4. 0 19. 0 79. 5 1. 5 4. 5 32. 0 33. 0 15. 5 11. 0 4. 0 30. 0 14. 5 16. 0 5. 0 10. 0 13. 0 2. 5 6. 5 2. 5 25. 5 17. 0 14. 0 14. 5 29. 0 Cumulative percent 42. 5 100. 0 15. 0 53. 5 88. 0 100. 0 95. 5 99. 5 100. 0 95. 5 100. 0 21. 0 46. 5 66. 0 96. 0 100. 0 19. 0 98. 5 100. 0 4. 5 36. 69. 5 85. 0 96. 0 100. 0 30. 0 44. 5 60. 5 65. 5 75. 5 88. 5 91. 0 97. 5 100. 0 25. 5 42. 5 56. 5 71. 0 100. 0 85 115 30 77 69 24 191 8 1 191 9 42 51 39 60 8 38 159 3 9 64 66 31 22 8 60 29 32 10 20 26 5 13 5 51 34 28 29 58 42. 5 57. 5 15. 0 38. 5 34. 5 12. 0 95. 5 4. 0 0. 5 95. 5 4. 5 21. 0 25. 5 19. 5 30. 0 4. 0 19. 0 79. 5 1. 5 4. 5 32. 0 33. 0 15. 5 11. 0 4. 0 30. 0 14. 5 16. 0 5. 0 10. 0 13. 0 2. 5 6. 5 2. 5 25. 5 17. 0 14. 0 14. 5 29. 0 24 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Table 4. 2. 1 provides an exploration of the sample for the investigation.The total number of respondents was 200 and the demographic profile of the respondents is shown in table. Among the demographic profile of respondents discussed are gender, age, race, religion, level education, maritial status, salary, sector and used others Muslim financial product. Respondents were 42. 5% from male group and 57. 5% of female group. From the races profile, 95. 5% of the respondents are malay, 4. 0% of the respondents are chinese and 0. 5% respondents are indian. Besides that, percentages of the religion profile, 95. 5% of the respondent are Islam and followed by 4. 5% respondent are buddha. Meanwhile, in terms of level education, 21. % of the respondents are SPM, 25. 5% of STPM, 19. 5% of Diploma, 30. 0% of Bachelor and 4. 0% of Mast er. The majority of respondents are married which indicated 79. 5%, 19. 0% are single and followed by others 1. 5%. Reviewing on the ages profile, 15. 0% of respondents were in the ages between 21 30 years old, 38. 5% were between 31 40 years old, 34. 5% were the age of 41 50 years old and 12. 0% the age of 51 years old above. From the salarys profile, 4. 5% of respondents were below RM 1000, 32. 0% were between RM1001 RM2000, 33. 0% were between RM2001 RM 3000, 15. 5% were between RM 3001 RM 4000, 11. 0% were between RM 4001 RM 5000 and 4. % were RM 5001 and above. Reviewing on the sectors profile, 30. 0% of respondents were in the Sektor Khidmat Pengurusan & Pembangunan, 14. 5% were in Sektor Pengurusan Sekolah, 16. 0% were in Sektor Pengurusan Akedemik, 5. 0% were in Sektor Pengurusan Pembangunan Kemanusiaan, 10. 0% were in Sektor Pendidikan Islam, 13. 0% were in Sektor Penilaian dan 25 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelaja ran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Peperiksaan, 5. 0% were in Sektor Jaminan Kualiti, 6. 5% were in Sektor Psikologi & Kaunseling and 2. 5% were in Sektor ICT. Meanwhile, in terms of used others islamic financial product, 25. % of respondent were in islamic vehicle financing, 17. 0% were in islamic house financing, 14. 0% were in islamic personal financing, 14. 5% were in islamic credit card and 29. 0% were in takaful. 26 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 2 ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY The important of the reliability of a measure is to determine the stability and consistency the questions that are distributed to the respondents. This reliability is to test the goodness of the data. Cronbachs alpha is most common used to measure the reliability. The closer Cronbachs alpha is to 1, is the better.In almost every case, Cronbachs alpha is an becoming test of internal consistency reliability. In th is study, the results of reliability test are shown in the table that had separate according to each of the variables. Reliability of measure is established by testing for both consistency and stability. RELIABILITY Less than 0. 6 Range 0. 7 Over 0. 8 RANGES Poor Acceptable Good denotation Sekaran (2006) Alpha Coefficient Ranges 0. 6 0. 6 to 0. 7 0. 7 to 0. 8 0. 8 to 0. 9 0. 9 Strength of Association Poor Moderate Good really Good Excellent Table 4. 2. 1 Ranges of Reliability 27 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 012 Reliability Analysis done when questions from all variables were well structured and can be understands by respondents. It happened and because the Cronbachs Alpha for all variables higher than 0. 6. It representation respondents answered the questions without bias, with consistent and stable. The closer Alpha value is to 1, the higher the internal consistency reliability. The res ults of all variables Reliability Analysis were shown in table below TABLE 4. 2. 2 Reliability Output for section B Acceptance of Islamic Hire Purchase facility Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Cronbachs N of Alpha Alpha Based positions on Standardized Items . 952 . 952 7Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Corrected Item Deleted Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted correlation coefficient AC AITAB is the best choice for vehicle financing AC Recommed AITAB contract to others AC Will Use again AITAB contract AC AITAB is suitable with financial planning AC As muslim, no choice expect AITAB contract AC Willing to switch to AITAB AC Understanding make accepting for AITAB 23. 89 23. 92 23. 94 23. 89 23. 98 23. 92 23. 85 25. 526 25. 566 25. 619 25. 606 25. 517 26. 279 25. 860 . 871 . 864 . 852 . 844 . 853 . 742 . 829 Squared Multiple coefficient of correlation . 803 . 795 . 812 . 806 . 744 . 591 . 730 Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted . 942 . 942 . 943 . 944 . 943 . 952 . 945 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbachs alpha for the 6 items show the reliability of 0. 952 which mean that this dependent variable is reliable. The result is excellent because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 9 is excellent. 28Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 3 Reliability Output for section C Perception Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Cronbachs N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 892 . 893 6 Scale Mean if Item Deleted PR Known about AITAB PR AITAB different from convensional hire purchase PR Accordance with syariah guideline PR Good alternative to acquire assets PR 1% penalty charge for late payment is suitable PR Use AITAB as first choice 19. 56 19. 34 19. 24 19. 33 19. 42 19. 10 Item-Total Statistics Scale Corrected Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted correlativity 14. 570 14. 778 14. 77 16. 421 14. 788 15. 413 . 724 . 783 . 768 . 637 . 681 . 694 Squared Multiple Correlation . 615 . 716 . 689 . 426 . 550 . 574 Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted . 872 . 862 . 865 . 885 . 880 . 876 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbachs alpha for the 6 items of perception show the reliability of 0. 892 which mean that this independent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 29 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 4 Reliability Output for section C CompetencyReliability Statistics Cronbachs Cronbachs N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 859 . 861 5 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Corrected Item Deleted Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation CM Car dealers inform no different between AITAB and conventional hire purchase CM Car dealers lack of information and knowladge about AITAB CM Car dealers only thinking thei r sales bonus CM Bank officer respect your dicision to use AITAB contract CM Bank officer give good respond on request use AITAB Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted 15. 13 9. 983 .728 .628 .815 15. 14 10. 218 .671 .579 .831 14. 87 9. 846 .721 .548 .818 14. 93 11. 497 .645 .725 .838 14. 93 11. 597 .631 .727 .841Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbachs alpha for the 5 of competency show the reliability of 0. 859 which mean that this dependent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 30 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 TABLE 4. 2. 5 Reliability Output for section C Awareness Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Cronbachs N of Alpha Alpha Based Items on Standardized Items . 897 . 900 6 Scale Mean if Item Deleted AW Know existance of islamic banking AW Know AITAB is one of islamic financ e product AW AITAB is replace for onventional hire purchase AW Know about 1% charge if late payment AW Know about AITAB had been use by non muslim AW Know about last payment in AITAB is for payment buying asset 18. 80 19. 07 Item-Total Statistics Scale Corrected Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Correlation 17. 347 16. 538 . 660 . 753 Squared Multiple Correlation . 535 . 695 Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted . 888 . 875 19. 20 19. 19 19. 19 17. 005 15. 592 15. 361 .756 . 734 . 745 .656 . 592 . 629 .876 . 878 . 876 19. 38 16. 085 .714 .585 .881 Based on the reliability statistics table, the Cronbachs alpha for the 6 items of awareness show the reliability of 0. 897 which mean that this independent variable is reliable. The result is a very good because according to Sekaran (2010), 0. 8 to 0. 9 is very good. 31Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 3 CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS Correlation analysi s is used for explained whether there is an existence of association and the strength of the relationship between the independent variables (perception, competency, and awareness) towards the dependent variable (acceptance of islamic hire purchase facility). Sekaran (2006) suggested that it would be appropriated to use Pearson Correlation Matrix where it is the first issues to determine is whether the correlation coefficient is statistically significant or not significant.The rules of thumb have been proposed to characterize the strength of the association between variables, based on the irresponsible size of the correlation coefficient. Correlation between Are said to be 0. 8 and 1. 0 Very Strong 0. 6 and 0. 8 Strong 0. 4 and 0. 6 Moderate 0. 2 and 0. 4 Weak 0 and 0. 2 Very Weak Table 4. 3. 1 Rule of Thumb of Correlation Coefficient sizing 32 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mea n Of Perception 1 Mean Of Acceptance . 789** . 000 200 1 200 Pearson Correlation Mean Of Perception Sig. (1-tailed) N 200 Pearson Correlation . 789** Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) . 00 Acceptance N 200 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Table 4. 3. 2 Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Perception and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between selection decision and service quality. The result of Pearson Correlation tests showed that there is a strong significant relationship (0. 789) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p 0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the delusive hypothesis. r(200) = 0. 789, p 0. 0001, one-tailed 33Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mean Of Competency Mean Of Comp etency Pearson Correlation Sig. (1-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (1-tailed) N 1 200 . 724** . 000 200 Mean Of Acceptance . 724** . 000 200 1 200 Mean Of Acceptance **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Table 4. 3. 3 Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Competency and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between competency and acceptance. The result of Pearson Correlation tests showed that there is a strong significant relationship (0. 24) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p=0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the null hypothesis. r(200) = 0. 724, p0. 0001, one-tailed 34 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Correlations Mean Of Awareness Pearson 1 Correlation Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) Awareness N 200 Pearson . 837** Correlation Mean Of Sig. (1-tailed) . 000 Acceptance N 200 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (1-tailed). Mean Of Acceptance . 837** . 000 200 1 200 Table 4. 3. Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Mean Awareness and Mean Acceptance Correlation analysis is conducted to test the relationship between awareness and acceptance. The result of Pearson Correlation tests showed that there is a very strong significant relationship (0. 837) between these two variables. The one-tailed significance test is p=0. 000 showing that the outcome of the test is not by chance, and therefore can be confidently accepted or trusted, therefore reject the null hypothesis. r(200) = 0. 837 , p0. 0001, one-tailed 35 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 4 REGRESSION ANALYSIS Regression is another technique for measuring the linear association between dependent and independent variables.I t become as a subsequent after the correlation coefficient measure. Although regression and correlation are near related, regression assumes the dependent variable is predicatively linked to the independent variable. The result of the Regression analysis were shown as below. Table 4. 4. 1 Regressions poseur Summary Model Summaryb R Square Adjusted R Square . 753 . 750 Model 1 R . 868a Std. Error of the Estimate . 421 a. Predictors (Constant), Mean Of Awareness, Mean Of Competency, Mean Of Perception b. subject Variable Mean Of Acceptance 4. 4. 2 ANOVA ANOVAa Model Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 106. 215 34. 781 140. 996 df 3 196 199 Mean Square 35. 405 . 177 F 199. 518 Sig. .000b 1 a.Dependent Variable Mean Of Acceptance b. Predictors (Constant), Mean Of Awareness, Mean Of Competency, Mean Of Perception 36 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Table 4. 4. 3 Coefficient Coefficientsa Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients B Std. Beta Error . 161 . 162 . 229 . 218 . 496 Model t Sig. Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF (Constant) Mean Of . 251 . 072 Perception 1 Mean Of . 229 . 055 Competency Mean Of . 522 . 069 Awareness a. Dependent Variable Mean Of Acceptance .997 3. 502 4. 195 7. 535 .320 . 001 . 000 . 000 . 294 . 466 . 291 3. 406 2. 144 3. 437Regression analysis were employed to test the influence of three important variable of interest namely perception, competency and awareness. The r-square statistics in the model of summary is 0. 753 or 75. 3%. This implies that 75. 3% of the variation or changes in the dependent variable i. e. acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility can be attributed to the three independent variables however the remaining 24. 7% is not known and need further investigation. The significance level produced by the ANOVA table showed that the p value is less than 0. 05 implying that the model is valid and the result o f the relationship is not by chance. Therefore we reject the null hypothesis.Finally, researcher found that the three independent variables, perception, competency and awareness have provided enough evidence to influence the acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility. 37 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 4. 5 HYPOTHESIS TESTING Insignificant = Accept Null Hypothesis (Ho) / Reject Alternate Hypothesis (H1) Significant = Accept Alternate Hypothesis (H1) / Reject Null Hypothesis (Ho) P 0. 05 P 0. 05 After made several analyses to all variables for this study, all hypotheses should be discussed to determine its relevancy and whether it is supported or not. For this study, Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to assess the relationship between independent and dependent variable.Hypothesis 1 (Perception) Ho There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. H1 There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and perception. The result from Pearson correlation shows perception significantly has positive correlated to acceptance at the relationship (r =0. 789). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 accepted and reject the H0. Hypothesis 2 (Competency) Ho There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency. H1 There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and competency. The result from Pearson correlation shows competency significantly has positive correlated to acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility at the relationship (r =0. 724). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 ac cepted and reject the H0. 38 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 Hypothesis 3 (Awareness) Ho There is no significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase acility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. H1 There is significant relationship between acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan and awareness. The result from Pearson correlation shows awareness significantly has positive correlated to acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility at the relationship (r =0. 837). Thus, significant relationship exists and the H1 accepted and reject the H0. 39 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 CHAPTER quintet CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5. 0 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter discusses the major findings of this study and to identif y whether the finding met with the result conducted. Besides that, the researcher also gives some suggestions and ideas from the result. 5. 1 CONCLUSION In this research, hypothesis was initially tested by using the correlation coefficient to determine its significant level. From the analysis, the results indicated that all the three independent variables in the hypotheses were found to be significant at the 0. 01 level of significant at the (1 tailed). In order to substantiate the hypotheses, the multiple regression analysis was further analyzed. The R-square (R2) value of the model indicates 75. 3% of the variations explained the all independent variable whereas the remaining 24. % cannot be explained and needed further exploration in terms of other concepts which were not included in the study. As a conclusion, all the independent variables have relationship based on the correlation analysis. Awareness was the most factors determinant acceptance of Islamic hire purchase facility among staff in Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan followed by perception and competency. 40 Acceptance Of Islamic Hire Purchase Facility A Case Study among staff In Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Kelantan, Kota Bharu 2012 5. 2 RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings result, the researcher has provided some of the recommendations for this study in order to overcome the problem faced.First of all, this research was successfully done to know the relationships between those independents and dependent variable. Perception Provide Islamic Hire Purchase facility (AITAB) information. Information about Islamic Hire Purchase facility should be unaffixed to find by everybody because majority workers can effort to buy a car. Thus, information should be easily access by consumer in order to get a clear view about Islamic hire purchase facility. For example, Bank Negera Malaysia through website, information about Islamic Hire Purchase facility can be downloaded by anyone. Competency Training the staff Cu stomer is